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| − | These pages were created to enable comprehensive understanding on bio-socio-economic issues related to fish consumption by humans with a strong emphasis laid on human health implications. We focus on gathering information on policies of fisheries management and human health consequences attributable to fish consumption to finally reach a state of comprehension where an integrated benefit-risk assessment of fish consumption can be done by taking account all the relevant societal and economical motivations yet not leaving aside any ecological implications that are concluded as being relevant.
| + | #REDIRECT [[Benefit-risk assessment of fish consumption for Beneris]] |
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| − | {{disclink|Discussion on an appropriate title contra topic}}
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| − | We invite anyone concerned with the above mentioned issues to contribute to the development of these pages by participating to discussions in the discussion page (discussion tab is located next to ''article'' tab at the top of this page). Currently, these pages are maintained by:
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| − | *Karjalainen, Anna (Ph.D., ecotoxicologist)
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| − | *Leino, Olli (M.Sc. Techn)
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| − | Responsible researcher:
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| − | *Tuomisto, Jouni (MD, epidemiologist)
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| − | Other co-workers:
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| − | *Turunen, Anu (M.Sc.)
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| − | *Verkasalo, Pia (MD, Ph.D., docent of epidemiology)
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| − | E-mail for everyone: firstname.surname@ktl.fi
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| − | [[Category:Risk assessments]]
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| − | == Xenobiotic impacts on fish and its socio-economic relevance ==
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| − | The simplistic conceptual graph below describes some sublethal xenobiotic impacts on fish and their socio-economic relevance and human health implications. The most important nodes in the causal chain are filled in with a dark blue colour. These are the factors that we 1) call variables and 2) find most relevant, at the moment, from the human health point of view, and therefore aim to describe in our actual model (see graph under title "Policy options implications for fish consumption" below).
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| − | {{disclink|The variables included in the causal chain}}
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| − | [[Image:Fish_SocioEconomic_Health_0704017_akk.JPG]]
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| − | '''Literature on the topic'''
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| − | *Elliott M, Hemingway KL, Krueger D, Thiel R, Hylland K, Arukwe A, Förlin L, Sayer M. 2003. From the Individual to the Population and Community responses to Pollution. In: Effects of Pollution on Fish, Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Lawrence AJ, Hemingway KL. (eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK.
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| − | *Lawrence AJ, Elliott M. 2002. Introduction and Conceptual Model. In: Effects of Pollution on Fish, Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Lawrence AJ, Hemingway KL. (eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK.
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| − | == Policy options implications for fish consumption ==
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| − | Relevant policy options for controlling human health effects due to fish consumption (under construction...).
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| − | ''Green boxes of the underlying graph are described here''
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| − | '''1. Fisheries management'''
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| − | Underlying fisheries management policy of EU [[Fisheries management| here]]
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| − | *Directing and steering fishing
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| − | **Restrictions and limitations aim to maintain sustainable fish stocks
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| − | ***Species- and fishermen-specific total catches (commercial and sports fishing)
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| − | ***Temporal fishing restrictions
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| − | ***Spatial fishing limitations (catchment areas, often specific for various fishery collectives and territorial waters)
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| − | ***Species-specific size controls in fishing (also related to allowable fishing tackles)
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| − | **Imposing duty on dumping of fish
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| − | **Research
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| − | **Research policies
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| − | **Lobbying (different interests of stakeholders)
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| − | **Obligatory stockings
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| − | * Directing aquaculture
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| − | **Financial support to aquaculture
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| − | **Research
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| − | **Research policies
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| − | **Lobbying (different interests of stakeholders)
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| − | '''2. Consumption advisories and recommendations'''
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| − | *Setting maximum concentration for dioxins found in fish
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| − | -Commission regulation (EC) No 199/2006) http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/2/2d/503099_AsetusehdotusENG.pdf
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| − | -Council Regulation (EC) No 2375/2001 of November 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/b/b7/503099_DioksiiniasetusFIN.pdf
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| − | *Setting maximum concentration for methyl mercury found in fish
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| − | -1 mg/kg set by EU
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| − | -National limits for particular species and areas/points in time?
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| − | '''3. Steering institutional kitchen'''
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| − | How the use of fish in the institutional kitchens can be influenced by policies?
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| − | *e.g. use of herring in institutional kitchens has been declining in Finland, maybe due to high dioxin concentrations of herring
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| − | * e.g. the price of the fish affects to the use of fish
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| − | '''4. Fish marketability''' Some background on the quality chain management in fish processing industry [[Quality chain management in fish processing industry| here]]
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| − | '''5. Implications to fishery'''
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| − | Policies to affect the fishery catch.
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| − | '''6. Dietary habits'''
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| − | A decision of an individual. How personal preferencies influence overall fish consumption
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| − | '''7. Quality of fish as food'''
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| − | The better the quality, the more fish is used for food.
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| − | [[Image:BRAgraph01.jpg|Simple graph for policies]]
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| − | == Health consequences attributable to fish consumption ==
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| − | Here we try to pinpoint the most relevant health endpoints for substances found in fish – both beneficial such as those ensuing from omega-3-fatty acid and vitamin D intake, and harmful, resulting from fish contamination by e.g. dioxins and (methyl)mercury (human xenobiotic exposure via intake of contaminated fish). This part is under construction.
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| − | === End points ===
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| − | Here are listed some potential end points for substances to take into account in the model.
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| − | '''End points with goor or fair scientific consensus about the effect and studied dose-response relationship'''
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| − | * DIOXIN exposure
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| − | -- cancer mortality
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| − | -- developmental disorders (teeth)
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| − | --
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| − | --
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| − | * METHYLMERCURY exposure
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| − | -- Cardiovascular mortality
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| − | -- Neurobehavioral disorders
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| − | --
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| − | --
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| − | * Intake of polyunsaturated OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS, especially EPA and DHA (eicosapanthenic acid,
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| − | docosahexaenoic acid, respectively)
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| − | ''Heart''
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| − | -- Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease
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| − | -- Reductes the risk of ischemic stroke
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| − | -- Protection against heart attack and sudden death
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| − | -- Decreases blood pressure
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| − | -- Decreases risk of arrhytmias
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| − | -- Decreases blood trigyceride levels, increases HDL cholesterol
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| − | -- Improves circulation
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| − | Accordingly, the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids prevent the evolution of atherosklerosis, the causality of which is presented [[Media:Fish_CV_benefits.PNG| here]], and with some personal effectors [[Media:Evolution_CVD.jpeg| here]]. Modest consumption of fish, 1-2 servings/wk, especially species higher in the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, reduces risk of coronary death by 36%. Intake of 250 mg/d of EPA and DHA appears sufficient for primary prevention (Mozaffarian & Rimm, 2006).
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| − | ''Brains''
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| − | See for a overall causality [[Media:Fish_brain_benefits.PNG| here]]
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| − | Reduces the probability or risk of development and progression of:
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| − | -- Depression
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| − | -- Attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder
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| − | -- Also other neuropsychiatric disorders (anxiety, agressiveness) [[Media:Fish_AA_EPA_benefits.PNG| , proposed causality here]]
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| − | -- Schizophrenia
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| − | -- Alzheimer's disease
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| − | :Current understanding on the evolution of the disease seen [[Media:Fish_brain_benefits_in_ageing.PNG| here]]
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| − | -- Crucial for proper neurological (central nervous system) development in foetal period and childhood, [[Media:Fish_developmental_benefits.PNG| click here]]
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| − | '''Other proposed end points of omega-3 fatty acids, but with less solid scientific consensus and/or with nonexisting dose-response relationship of the effect'''
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| − | {|{{prettytable}}
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| − | ! Target organ/end point
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| − | ! Description
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Eyes
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| − | | improves eye vision, Reduces symptoms of dry eye syndrome
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Lungs
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| − | | Reduces symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, Decreases the risk of COPD
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Joints
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| − | | Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthitis
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Muscles
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| − | | helps build muscles and tissues
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Digestion
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| − | | relieves symptoms of ulcerative colitis ad Crohn´s disease
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Skin
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| − | | Relieves symptoms of sun damage, psoriasis and eczema
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| − | |-----
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| − | | Cancer
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| − | | reduction of incidence of some types of cancer
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| − | |}
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| − | * VITAMIN-D intake
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| − | -- Promotes absorbion of other minerals
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| − | -- Essential for thyroid and parathyroid gland
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| − | -- Essential for teeth and bone growth in childhood
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| − | See for a causal diagram [[Media:Health_benefits_vitamin-D.png| here]]
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| − | * Iodine intake
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| − | Importance presented [[Media:Fish_iodine_benefits.PNG| here]]
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| − | * Selenium intake
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| − | -- Protects towards MeHg toxicity
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| − | -- Oxidation suppressor
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| − | * Vitamin B3 intake
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| − | Importance presented [[Media:Fish_benefits_B3.PNG| here]]
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| − | * Vitamin B12 intake
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| − | Importance presented [[Media:Fish_benefits_B12.PNG| here]]
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| − | * Intake of iron in heme form
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| − | Importance presented [[Media:Fish_iron_benefits.PNG| in this graph]]
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| − | == Materials and references ==
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| − | Projects, models, publications etc. related to the topic.
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| − | *http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/2/28/RBA_fish.ANA
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| − | *http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/a/a9/BRAfishxml.ANA
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| − | *http://www.ktl.fi/portal/english/osiot/research,_people___programs/environmental_health/research/health_risk_analysis/research_projects/pmvsdioxin/
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| − | *Benefit-risk assessment of food:value of information analysis. A project coordinated by KTL (Tuomisto, JT) [http://www.ktl.fi/portal/english/osiot/research,_people___programs/environmental_health/research/health_risk_analysis/research_projects/beneris/| Beneris]
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| − | *Kiljunen M et al. 2007. Implications for human dietary intake of inter-individual variation in PCDD/F and PCB content of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus L.) regulated by fisheries management. Ambio 36:257-264.[[Media:Ambi-36-02-23_Kiljunen.pdf| here]]
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| − | *Mozaffarian D & Rimm EB 2006. Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits. JAMA, 296(15):1885-1899.[[Media:Mozaffarian-and-Rimm_2006.pdf| here]]
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