Difference between revisions of "Air exchange rate for European residences"

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(→‎Information based on previous studies: updated)
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{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''EU-30'''
+
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Country'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''No. Of houses'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''No. Of houses'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Mean'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Mean'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Standard deviation'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Standard deviation'''
−
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Min - Max'''
+
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Min'''
 +
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Max'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Remarks'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Remarks'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Reference'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Reference'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Austria||84||||||0.3 - 0.6||Passive/low energy  house||<ref name ="cen">CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels</ref>
+
| Austria||84||||||0.3||0.6||Passive/low energy  house||<ref name ="cen">CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Belgium||51||7.8||||1.8 - 25.0||41 single-family houses, 9 apartments|| <ref>Bossaer A. Et al. AIRTIGHTNESS PERFORMANCES IN NEW BELGIAN DWELLINGS, 19 annual AL AIVC CONFERENCE</ref>
+
| Belgium||51||7.8||||1.8||25.0||41 single-family houses, 9 apartments|| <ref>Bossaer A. Et al. AIRTIGHTNESS PERFORMANCES IN NEW BELGIAN DWELLINGS, 19 annual AL AIVC CONFERENCE</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bulgaria||156||||||0.16 - 0.45||||<ref>Kolarik, B. Et al(2008) The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (37), 8553-8559.</ref>
+
| Bulgaria||156||||||0.16||0.45||||<ref>Kolarik, B. Et al(2008) The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (37), 8553-8559.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Cyprus||||||||||||
+
| Cyprus||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Czech Republic||16||0.75||0.45||||Estimated values||<ref name="otto">Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.</ref>
+
| Czech Republic||16||0.75||0.45||||||Estimated values||<ref name="otto">Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||1||0.45||||0.12 - 1.5||Apartment||<ref>Stavova P. Et al. Air change rate measurement in Apartment by CO2 Method. </ref>
+
| ||1||0.45||||0.12||1.5||Apartment||<ref>Stavova P. Et al. Air change rate measurement in Apartment by CO2 Method. </ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Denmark||114||||||0.1 - 2.41||||<ref>Harving H. Et al. (1992) The indoor environment in Dwellings: A study of Air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2: 121-126</ref>
+
| Denmark||114||||||0.1||2.41||||<ref>Harving H. Et al. (1992) The indoor environment in Dwellings: A study of Air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2: 121-126</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Estonia||31||4.9||3.5||0.7-14 ||||<ref>Lightweight (timber frame and perforated light-steel-frame) detached houses||Kalamees T. (2006). Air tightness and air leakages of  new lightweight single-family detached houses in Estonia; Building and Environment 42: 2369-2377</ref>
+
| Estonia||31||4.9||3.5||0.7||14 ||||<ref>Lightweight (timber frame and perforated light-steel-frame) detached houses||Kalamees T. (2006). Air tightness and air leakages of  new lightweight single-family detached houses in Estonia; Building and Environment 42: 2369-2377</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||5||1.42 (winter)||0.33||1.2 - 2.0||||<ref name="Estonia">5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,</ref>
+
| ||5||1.42 (winter)||0.33||1.2||2.0||||<ref name="Estonia">5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||5||0.62 (summer)||0.29||0.3 - 1.1||||<ref name="Estonia">5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,</ref>
+
| ||5||0.62 (summer)||0.29||0.3||1.1||||<ref name="Estonia">5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Finland||16||6.0||||2.2 - 12||Pre-fabricated timer-frame wall-elements houses||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
+
| Finland||16||6.0||||2.2||12||Pre-fabricated timer-frame wall-elements houses||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||28||3.5||||1.0 - 7.5||Special attention paid to airtightness||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
+
| ||28||3.5||||1.0||7.5||Special attention paid to airtightness||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||171||5.9||||1.6 - 18||One family and detached houses, cases of reclamation||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
+
| ||171||5.9||||1.6||18||One family and detached houses, cases of reclamation||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||100||3.9||1.8||0.5 - 8.9||Timer-frame envelope||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
+
| ||100||3.9||1.8||0.5||8.9||Timer-frame envelope||<ref name="kalames">As cited by Kalames T.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||84||0.81||0.85||||Estimated values||<ref name="otto">Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.</ref>
+
| ||84||0.81||0.85||||||Estimated values||<ref name="otto">Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| France||||0.3 (Winter)||||||Means, different studies, seasonal||<ref>Thiers, S. & Peuportier, B. (2008) Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Solar Energy, 82(9), 820-831. </ref>
+
| France||||0.3||||||||Means, different studies, winter||<ref>Thiers, S. & Peuportier, B. (2008) Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Solar Energy, 82(9), 820-831. </ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||||1.6 (summer)||||||||
+
| ||||1.6||||||||Summer||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Germany||||||||0.3 - 0.6||Passive/low energy  house||<ref name ="cen">CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels</ref>
+
| Germany||||||||0.3||0.6||Passive/low energy  house||<ref name ="cen">CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||||0.32||||||Low energy house||
+
| ||||0.32||||||||Low energy house||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Greece||20||6.38||3.15||1.87 - 11.3||Natural ventilation, entrance totally exposed to exterior env.||<ref>Sfakianiaki et al (2008). Air tightness measurements of residential houses in Athens, Greece, Building and Environment 43 (2008) 398-405</ref>
+
| Greece||20||6.38||3.15||1.87||11.3||Natural ventilation, entrance totally exposed to exterior env.||<ref>Sfakianiaki et al (2008). Air tightness measurements of residential houses in Athens, Greece, Building and Environment 43 (2008) 398-405</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Hungary||||||||0.3 - 18||Required ACH for different room types for prefabricated concrete buildings. ||<ref>Denes T. (2003) The importance of natural ventilation for the climate of dwelling houses. Periodica Polytechnica Ser civ Eng Vol 47(1):137-140 </ref>
+
| Hungary||||||||0.3||18||Required ACH for different room types for prefabricated concrete buildings. ||<ref>Denes T. (2003) The importance of natural ventilation for the climate of dwelling houses. Periodica Polytechnica Ser civ Eng Vol 47(1):137-140 </ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Iceland||||||||||||
+
| Iceland||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ireland||||||||||||
+
| Ireland||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Italy||3||8.07||3.4||5.4 - 11.9||Old dwellings, from 1916, 70s and 80s.||<ref>Fasano G. Et al. (1998). Airtightness measurements in three dwellings in Rome. 19th annual AIVC Conference, Oslo, Norway</ref>
+
| Italy||3||8.07||3.4||5.4||11.9||Old dwellings, from 1916, 70s and 80s.||<ref>Fasano G. Et al. (1998). Airtightness measurements in three dwellings in Rome. 19th annual AIVC Conference, Oslo, Norway</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Latvia||||||||||||
+
| Latvia||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Lithuania||||0.85||0.18||0.5 - 1.2||Multi-flat panel apartment building built in 1960 -80||<ref>Jaraminiene E. Et al (2006): Heat deman uncertainty evaluation of tpical multi-flat panel building. Journal of civil engineering and management Vol. XII (1):69-75</ref>
+
| Lithuania||||0.85||0.18||0.5||1.2||Multi-flat panel apartment building built in 1960 -80||<ref>Jaraminiene E. Et al (2006): Heat deman uncertainty evaluation of tpical multi-flat panel building. Journal of civil engineering and management Vol. XII (1):69-75</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Luxemburg||||||||||||
+
| Luxemburg||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Malta||||||||||||
+
| Malta||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Netherlands||37||||||0.3 - 0.5||||<ref>Pernot C. Supply and Demand of Indoor Air Qualities in Dwellings</ref>
+
| Netherlands||37||||||0.3||0.5||||<ref>Pernot C. Supply and Demand of Indoor Air Qualities in Dwellings</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||||||||0.42 - 0.45||||<ref>Carpenter S (1995). Learning from experiences with advanced houses of the word, Centre for analysis and dissemination of demonstrated energy technologies, International energy Agency, CADDET analysis Series 14.</ref>
+
| ||||||||0.42||0.45||||<ref>Carpenter S (1995). Learning from experiences with advanced houses of the word, Centre for analysis and dissemination of demonstrated energy technologies, International energy Agency, CADDET analysis Series 14.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Norway||61||4.7||||2.0 - 8.0||||<ref>Brunsell JT (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
+
| Norway||61||4.7||||2.0||8.0||||<ref>Brunsell JT (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||10||4.0||||3.3 - 5.4||detached, 1 1/2 storey, built in 1980||<ref>Granum H et al (1986) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
+
| ||10||4.0||||3.3||5.4||detached, 1 1/2 storey, built in 1980||<ref>Granum H et al (1986) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||502||0.67, 0.69||0.03||||single family house, detached and semi-detached +apartment buildings||<ref>Nafstad P. Et al (1998) Residential Dampness Problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young norwegian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 157:410-414</ref>
+
| ||502||0.67, 0.69||0.03||||||single family house, detached and semi-detached +apartment buildings||<ref>Nafstad P. Et al (1998) Residential Dampness Problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young norwegian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 157:410-414</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Poland||||||||||||
+
| Poland||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Portugal||||||||||||
+
| Portugal||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Romania||||||||||||
+
| Romania||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Slovakia||||||||||||
+
| Slovakia||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Slovenia||||||||||||
+
| Slovenia||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Spain||||2||||||Assumed by the Catalonian government||
+
| Spain||||2||||||||Assumed by the Catalonian government||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sweden||205||3.7||1.24||||built in 1982 -89||<ref>Kronvall J (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
+
| Sweden||205||3.7||1.24||||||built in 1982 -89||<ref>Kronvall J (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||44||1.02||||||Timber frame envelope||<ref>Nilsoon I (1993) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
+
| ||44||1.02||||||||Timber frame envelope||<ref>Nilsoon I (1993) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Switzerland||||||||||||
+
| Switzerland||||||||||||||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| UK||471||13.1||||2 - 30||||<ref>Stephen RK (1998) as cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
+
| UK||471||13.1||||2||30||||<ref>Stephen RK (1998) as cited by Kalamees T (2007)</ref>
−
|-
 
−
| Scotland||0.45 - 1.83||||0.05 - 2.15||||
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
{|{{prettytable}}
 
−
! Country
 
−
! Mean
 
−
! Standard deviation
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Austria
 
−
| 0.3-0.6
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Belgium
 
−
| 1 <ref>Gratia et al. (2004)</ref>
 
−
| < 3 (with balanced mechanical vent) <ref name="limb"> Limb M.J. 2001 - A review of internation ventilation, airtightness, thermal insulation and indoor air quality criteria.</ref>
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Bulgaria
 
−
| <0.16 - >0.45 <ref>Kolarik et al. (2008, 2008a)</ref>
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Czech republic
 
−
| 0.75 <ref name="Hänninen">Hänninen et al. (2004)</ref>
 
−
| 0.43
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Denmark
 
−
| 0.28 (median for bedroom) <ref> Harving H. et al 1992. The indoor environment in dwellings: A study of air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2:121-126.</ref>
 
−
| 0.12-0.56 (IQR)
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Estonia
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Finland
 
−
| 0.81 <ref name="Hänninen">Hänninen et al. (2004)</ref> <br> 0.5 <ref>Ruotsalainen, R., Rönnberg, R., Säteri, J., Majanen A., Seppänen, O., and Jaakkola, J.J.K. 1992. Indoor Climate and the Performance of Ventilation in Finnish Residences. Indoor Air 2:137-145</ref> <br> >0.4-0.8 <ref>Korhonen et al. (2000)</ref> <br> 0.7-1.5 <ref>Jarnstrom et al. (2006)</ref>
 
−
| 0.85 <br> 0.25
 
−
|-----
 
−
| France
 
−
| 0.3-0.6 <ref name="Feist">Feist et al.(2001, 2005, 2005a), Schnieders (2003), Schnieders & Hermelink (2006)</ref> <br> 0.5 <ref>Thiers & Peuportier (2008)</ref> <br> 0.6 (winter) <br> 1.5 (summer)
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Germany
 
−
| 0.3-0.6 <ref name="Feist">Feist et al.(2001, 2005, 2005a), Schnieders (2003), Schnieders & Hermelink (2006)</ref>
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Greece
 
−
| 1.29  <ref name="Hänninen">Hänninen et al. (2004)</ref> <br> 2.6-5.8 (natural) <ref>Niachou et al. (2005)</ref> <br> 3.8-8 (mechanical) <br> 5.6-16.3 (hybrid)
 
−
| 1.09
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Hungary
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Ireland
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Italy
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Latvia
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Lithuania
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Luxembourg
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Malta
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Netherlands
 
−
| 1.7 <ref>Bremmer, H.J. and Van Veen, M.P. 2000. General Factsheet. RIVM</ref>
 
−
| 1.3
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Norway
 
−
| 0.68 <ref>Øie, L., Stymne, H., Boman, C.-A., and Hellstrand, V. 1998. Ventilation Rate of 344 Oslo Residences. Indoor Air 8:190-196</ref> <br>1.5-4 <ref name="limb"></ref>
 
−
| 0.39
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Poland
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Portugal
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Romania
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Slovakia
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Slovenia
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Spain
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Sweden
 
−
| 0.3-0.6 <ref>Feist et al.(2001, 2005, 2005a), Schnieders (2003)</ref>
 
−
|
 
−
|-----
 
−
| Switzerland
 
−
| 0.83 <ref name="Hänninen">Hänninen et al. (2004)</ref>
 
−
| 0.46
 
−
|-----
 
−
| United Kingdom
 
−
| 0.7 (0.2-1.5) <ref>Stephen (1998) as cited by Dimitroulopoulou et al. (2006)</ref>
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
Table for extrapolated values in EU-30
 
−
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
| Country
 
−
| Air exchange
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Republic of Moldova
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Georgia
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Albania
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Turkey
 
−
| Athens
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Romania
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Slovakia
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Lithuania
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Latvia
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Belarus
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Poland
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Estonia
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Hungary
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| czech Republic
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Slovenia
 
−
| Prague
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Greece
 
−
| Athens
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Italy
 
−
| Athens
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Sweden
 
−
| Helsinki
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| United Kingdom
 
−
| Oxford
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| France
 
−
| Basel (above 45 degree lat)
 
−
| Athens (below 45 degrees lat)
 
−
|----
 
−
| Finland
 
−
| Helsinki
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Netherlands
 
−
| Basel 
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Belgium
 
−
| Basel
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Germany
 
−
| Basel
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Austria
 
−
| Basel
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Ireland
 
−
| Oxford
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Denmark
 
−
| Helsinki
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Norway
 
−
| Helsinki
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Switzerland
 
−
| Basel
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Luxembourg
 
−
| Basel
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
  
 
References
 
References
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>

Revision as of 13:01, 23 March 2011

Utilization

Air exchange rates are used when defining the interaction of outdoor and indoor air. The values are used when calculating the fate, movement and concentrations of indoor air pollutants. The entrance of outdoor pollution to the indoors and vice versa has to be defined then.

Limitations

The level of air exchange rate is dependable on many factors, like the ventilation technique, building technique and yearly season, and due to that there is a lot of variability in the air exchange values. This limits the usability of air exchange rate value measured in one location.

Data

Information based on previous studies

The following data table has been collected for the purpose of HEIMTSA and INTARESE projects. The source of information has been ExpoFacts database and EXPOLIS project.

Country No. Of houses Mean Standard deviation Min Max Remarks Reference
Austria 84 0.3 0.6 Passive/low energy house [1]
Belgium 51 7.8 1.8 25.0 41 single-family houses, 9 apartments [2]
Bulgaria 156 0.16 0.45 [3]
Cyprus
Czech Republic 16 0.75 0.45 Estimated values [4]
1 0.45 0.12 1.5 Apartment [5]
Denmark 114 0.1 2.41 [6]
Estonia 31 4.9 3.5 0.7 14 [7]
5 1.42 (winter) 0.33 1.2 2.0 [8]
5 0.62 (summer) 0.29 0.3 1.1 [8]
Finland 16 6.0 2.2 12 Pre-fabricated timer-frame wall-elements houses [9]
28 3.5 1.0 7.5 Special attention paid to airtightness [9]
171 5.9 1.6 18 One family and detached houses, cases of reclamation [9]
100 3.9 1.8 0.5 8.9 Timer-frame envelope [9]
84 0.81 0.85 Estimated values [4]
France 0.3 Means, different studies, winter [10]
1.6 Summer
Germany 0.3 0.6 Passive/low energy house [1]
0.32 Low energy house
Greece 20 6.38 3.15 1.87 11.3 Natural ventilation, entrance totally exposed to exterior env. [11]
Hungary 0.3 18 Required ACH for different room types for prefabricated concrete buildings. [12]
Iceland
Ireland
Italy 3 8.07 3.4 5.4 11.9 Old dwellings, from 1916, 70s and 80s. [13]
Latvia
Lithuania 0.85 0.18 0.5 1.2 Multi-flat panel apartment building built in 1960 -80 [14]
Luxemburg
Malta
Netherlands 37 0.3 0.5 [15]
0.42 0.45 [16]
Norway 61 4.7 2.0 8.0 [17]
10 4.0 3.3 5.4 detached, 1 1/2 storey, built in 1980 [18]
502 0.67, 0.69 0.03 single family house, detached and semi-detached +apartment buildings [19]
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain 2 Assumed by the Catalonian government
Sweden 205 3.7 1.24 built in 1982 -89 [20]
44 1.02 Timber frame envelope [21]
Switzerland
UK 471 13.1 2 30 [22]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels
  2. ↑ Bossaer A. Et al. AIRTIGHTNESS PERFORMANCES IN NEW BELGIAN DWELLINGS, 19 annual AL AIVC CONFERENCE
  3. ↑ Kolarik, B. Et al(2008) The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (37), 8553-8559.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.
  5. ↑ Stavova P. Et al. Air change rate measurement in Apartment by CO2 Method.
  6. ↑ Harving H. Et al. (1992) The indoor environment in Dwellings: A study of Air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2: 121-126
  7. ↑ Lightweight (timber frame and perforated light-steel-frame) detached houses||Kalamees T. (2006). Air tightness and air leakages of new lightweight single-family detached houses in Estonia; Building and Environment 42: 2369-2377
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 As cited by Kalames T.
  10. ↑ Thiers, S. & Peuportier, B. (2008) Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Solar Energy, 82(9), 820-831.
  11. ↑ Sfakianiaki et al (2008). Air tightness measurements of residential houses in Athens, Greece, Building and Environment 43 (2008) 398-405
  12. ↑ Denes T. (2003) The importance of natural ventilation for the climate of dwelling houses. Periodica Polytechnica Ser civ Eng Vol 47(1):137-140
  13. ↑ Fasano G. Et al. (1998). Airtightness measurements in three dwellings in Rome. 19th annual AIVC Conference, Oslo, Norway
  14. ↑ Jaraminiene E. Et al (2006): Heat deman uncertainty evaluation of tpical multi-flat panel building. Journal of civil engineering and management Vol. XII (1):69-75
  15. ↑ Pernot C. Supply and Demand of Indoor Air Qualities in Dwellings
  16. ↑ Carpenter S (1995). Learning from experiences with advanced houses of the word, Centre for analysis and dissemination of demonstrated energy technologies, International energy Agency, CADDET analysis Series 14.
  17. ↑ Brunsell JT (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  18. ↑ Granum H et al (1986) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  19. ↑ Nafstad P. Et al (1998) Residential Dampness Problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young norwegian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 157:410-414
  20. ↑ Kronvall J (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  21. ↑ Nilsoon I (1993) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  22. ↑ Stephen RK (1998) as cited by Kalamees T (2007)
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