Air exchange rate for European residences
From Testiwiki
Utilization
Air exchange rates are used when defining the interaction of outdoor and indoor air. The values are used when calculating the fate, movement and concentrations of indoor air pollutants. The entrance of outdoor pollution to the indoors and vice versa has to be defined then.
Limitations
The level of air exchange rate is dependable on many factors, like the ventilation technique, building technique and yearly season, and due to that there is a lot of variability in the air exchange values. This limits the usability of air exchange rate value measured in one location.
Data
Information based on previous studies
The following data table has been collected for the purpose of HEIMTSA and INTARESE projects. The source of information has been ExpoFacts database and EXPOLIS project.
| EU-30 | No. Of houses | Mean | Standard deviation | Min - Max | Remarks | Reference |
| Austria | 84 | 0.3 - 0.6 | Passive/low energy house | [1] | ||
| Belgium | 51 | 7.8 | 1.8 - 25.0 | 41 single-family houses, 9 apartments | [2] | |
| Bulgaria | 156 | 0.16 - 0.45 | [3] | |||
| Cyprus | ||||||
| Czech Republic | 16 | 0.75 | 0.45 | Estimated values | [4] | |
| 1 | 0.45 | 0.12 - 1.5 | Apartment | [5] | ||
| Denmark | 114 | 0.1 - 2.41 | [6] | |||
| Estonia | 31 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 0.7-14 | [7] | |
| 5 | 1.42 (winter) | 0.33 | 1.2 - 2.0 | [8] | ||
| 5 | 0.62 (summer) | 0.29 | 0.3 - 1.1 | [8] | ||
| Finland | 16 | 6.0 | 2.2 - 12 | Pre-fabricated timer-frame wall-elements houses | [9] | |
| 28 | 3.5 | 1.0 - 7.5 | Special attention paid to airtightness | [9] | ||
| 171 | 5.9 | 1.6 - 18 | One family and detached houses, cases of reclamation | [9] | ||
| 100 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 0.5 - 8.9 | Timer-frame envelope | [9] | |
| 84 | 0.81 | 0.85 | Estimated values | [4] | ||
| France | 0.3 (Winter) | Means, different studies, seasonal | [10] | |||
| 1.6 (summer) | ||||||
| Germany | 0.3 - 0.6 | Passive/low energy house | [1] | |||
| 0.32 | Low energy house | |||||
| Greece | 20 | 6.38 | 3.15 | 1.87 - 11.3 | Natural ventilation, entrance totally exposed to exterior env. | [11] |
| Hungary | 0.3 - 18 | Required ACH for different room types for prefabricated concrete buildings. | [12] | |||
| Iceland | ||||||
| Ireland | ||||||
| Italy | 3 | 8.07 | 3.4 | 5.4 - 11.9 | Old dwellings, from 1916, 70s and 80s. | [13] |
| Latvia | ||||||
| Lithuania | 0.85 | 0.18 | 0.5 - 1.2 | Multi-flat panel apartment building built in 1960 -80 | [14] | |
| Luxemburg | ||||||
| Malta | ||||||
| Netherlands | 37 | 0.3 - 0.5 | [15] | |||
| 0.42 - 0.45 | [16] | |||||
| Norway | 61 | 4.7 | 2.0 - 8.0 | [17] | ||
| 10 | 4.0 | 3.3 - 5.4 | detached, 1 1/2 storey, built in 1980 | [18] | ||
| 502 | 0.67, 0.69 | 0.03 | single family house, detached and semi-detached +apartment buildings | [19] | ||
| Poland | ||||||
| Portugal | ||||||
| Romania | ||||||
| Slovakia | ||||||
| Slovenia | ||||||
| Spain | 2 | Assumed by the Catalonian government | ||||
| Sweden | 205 | 3.7 | 1.24 | built in 1982 -89 | [20] | |
| 44 | 1.02 | Timber frame envelope | [21] | |||
| Switzerland | ||||||
| UK | 471 | 13.1 | 2 - 30 | [22] | ||
| Scotland | 0.45 - 1.83 | 0.05 - 2.15 |
| Country | Mean | Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 0.3-0.6 | |
| Belgium | 1 [23] | < 3 (with balanced mechanical vent) [24] |
| Bulgaria | <0.16 - >0.45 [25] | |
| Czech republic | 0.75 [26] | 0.43 |
| Denmark | 0.28 (median for bedroom) [27] | 0.12-0.56 (IQR) |
| Estonia | ||
| Finland | 0.81 [26] 0.5 [28] >0.4-0.8 [29] 0.7-1.5 [30] |
0.85 0.25 |
| France | 0.3-0.6 [31] 0.5 [32] 0.6 (winter) 1.5 (summer) |
|
| Germany | 0.3-0.6 [31] | |
| Greece | 1.29 [26] 2.6-5.8 (natural) [33] 3.8-8 (mechanical) 5.6-16.3 (hybrid) |
1.09 |
| Hungary | ||
| Ireland | ||
| Italy | ||
| Latvia | ||
| Lithuania | ||
| Luxembourg | ||
| Malta | ||
| Netherlands | 1.7 [34] | 1.3 |
| Norway | 0.68 [35] 1.5-4 [24] |
0.39 |
| Poland | ||
| Portugal | ||
| Romania | ||
| Slovakia | ||
| Slovenia | ||
| Spain | ||
| Sweden | 0.3-0.6 [36] | |
| Switzerland | 0.83 [26] | 0.46 |
| United Kingdom | 0.7 (0.2-1.5) [37] |
Table for extrapolated values in EU-30
| Country | Air exchange | |
| Republic of Moldova | Prague | |
| Georgia | Prague | |
| Albania | Prague | |
| Turkey | Athens | |
| Romania | Prague | |
| Slovakia | Prague | |
| Lithuania | Prague | |
| Latvia | Prague | |
| Belarus | Prague | |
| Poland | Prague | |
| Estonia | Prague | |
| Hungary | Prague | |
| czech Republic | Prague | |
| Slovenia | Prague | |
| Greece | Athens | |
| Italy | Athens | |
| Sweden | Helsinki | |
| United Kingdom | Oxford | |
| France | Basel (above 45 degree lat) | Athens (below 45 degrees lat) |
| Finland | Helsinki | |
| Netherlands | Basel | |
| Belgium | Basel | |
| Germany | Basel | |
| Austria | Basel | |
| Ireland | Oxford | |
| Denmark | Helsinki | |
| Norway | Helsinki | |
| Switzerland | Basel | |
| Luxembourg | Basel |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels
- ↑ Bossaer A. Et al. AIRTIGHTNESS PERFORMANCES IN NEW BELGIAN DWELLINGS, 19 annual AL AIVC CONFERENCE
- ↑ Kolarik, B. Et al(2008) The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (37), 8553-8559.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.
- ↑ Stavova P. Et al. Air change rate measurement in Apartment by CO2 Method.
- ↑ Harving H. Et al. (1992) The indoor environment in Dwellings: A study of Air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2: 121-126
- ↑ Lightweight (timber frame and perforated light-steel-frame) detached houses||Kalamees T. (2006). Air tightness and air leakages of new lightweight single-family detached houses in Estonia; Building and Environment 42: 2369-2377
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 As cited by Kalames T.
- ↑ Thiers, S. & Peuportier, B. (2008) Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Solar Energy, 82(9), 820-831.
- ↑ Sfakianiaki et al (2008). Air tightness measurements of residential houses in Athens, Greece, Building and Environment 43 (2008) 398-405
- ↑ Denes T. (2003) The importance of natural ventilation for the climate of dwelling houses. Periodica Polytechnica Ser civ Eng Vol 47(1):137-140
- ↑ Fasano G. Et al. (1998). Airtightness measurements in three dwellings in Rome. 19th annual AIVC Conference, Oslo, Norway
- ↑ Jaraminiene E. Et al (2006): Heat deman uncertainty evaluation of tpical multi-flat panel building. Journal of civil engineering and management Vol. XII (1):69-75
- ↑ Pernot C. Supply and Demand of Indoor Air Qualities in Dwellings
- ↑ Carpenter S (1995). Learning from experiences with advanced houses of the word, Centre for analysis and dissemination of demonstrated energy technologies, International energy Agency, CADDET analysis Series 14.
- ↑ Brunsell JT (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
- ↑ Granum H et al (1986) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
- ↑ Nafstad P. Et al (1998) Residential Dampness Problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young norwegian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 157:410-414
- ↑ Kronvall J (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
- ↑ Nilsoon I (1993) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
- ↑ Stephen RK (1998) as cited by Kalamees T (2007)
- ↑ Gratia et al. (2004)
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Limb M.J. 2001 - A review of internation ventilation, airtightness, thermal insulation and indoor air quality criteria.
- ↑ Kolarik et al. (2008, 2008a)
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Hänninen et al. (2004)
- ↑ Harving H. et al 1992. The indoor environment in dwellings: A study of air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2:121-126.
- ↑ Ruotsalainen, R., Rönnberg, R., Säteri, J., Majanen A., Seppänen, O., and Jaakkola, J.J.K. 1992. Indoor Climate and the Performance of Ventilation in Finnish Residences. Indoor Air 2:137-145
- ↑ Korhonen et al. (2000)
- ↑ Jarnstrom et al. (2006)
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Feist et al.(2001, 2005, 2005a), Schnieders (2003), Schnieders & Hermelink (2006)
- ↑ Thiers & Peuportier (2008)
- ↑ Niachou et al. (2005)
- ↑ Bremmer, H.J. and Van Veen, M.P. 2000. General Factsheet. RIVM
- ↑ Øie, L., Stymne, H., Boman, C.-A., and Hellstrand, V. 1998. Ventilation Rate of 344 Oslo Residences. Indoor Air 8:190-196
- ↑ Feist et al.(2001, 2005, 2005a), Schnieders (2003)
- ↑ Stephen (1998) as cited by Dimitroulopoulou et al. (2006)
