Difference between revisions of "Benefit-risk assessment of fish and related policy options"

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'''Other proposed end points with less solid scientific consensus and/or dose-response relationship of the effect'''
 
  
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'''Other proposed end points of omega-3 fatty acids, but with less solid scientific consensus and/or without dose-response relationship of the effect'''
  
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''Eyes''
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{|{{prettytable}}
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! Target organ/end point
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! Description
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|-----
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| Eyes
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| improves eye vision, Reduces symptoms of dry eye syndrome 
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|-----
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| Lungs
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| Reduces symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, Decreases the risk of COPD
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|-----
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| Joints
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| Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthitis
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|-----
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| Muscles
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| helps build muscles and tissues
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|-----
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| Digestion
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| relieves symptoms of ulcerative colitis ad Crohn´s disease
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|-----
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| Skin
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| Relieves symptoms of sun damage, psoriasis and eczema
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|-----
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| Cancer
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| reduction of incidence of some types of cancer
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|}
  
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-- improves eye vision (dose-response and benefits not easily definable?)
 
  
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-- Reduces symptoms of dry eye syndrome
 
  
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''Lungs''
 
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-- Reduces symptoms of asthma and bronchitis
 
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-- Decreases the risk of COPD
 
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''Joints''
 
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-- Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthitis
 
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''Muscles''
 
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-- helps build muscles and tissues
 
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''Digestion''
 
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-- relieves symptoms of ulcerative colitis ad Crohn´s disease
 
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''Skin''
 
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-- Relieves symptoms of sun damage, psoriasis and eczema
 
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''Cancer''
 
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-- reduction of cancer (not plausible?)
 
  
  

Revision as of 07:24, 23 May 2007

These pages were created to enable comprehensive understanding on bio-socio-economic issues related to fish consumption by humans with a strong emphasis laid on human health implications. We focus on gathering information on policies of fisheries management and human health consequences attributable to fish consumption to finally reach a state of comprehension where an integrated benefit-risk assessment of fish consumption can be done by taking account all the relevant societal and economical motivations yet not leaving aside any ecological implications that are concluded as being relevant.

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We invite anyone concerned with the above mentioned issues to contribute to the development of these pages by participating to discussions in the discussion page (discussion tab is located next to article tab at the top of this page). These pages are maintained by (firstname.surname@ktl.fi):

  • Karjalainen, Anna (Ph.D., ecotoxicologist)
  • Leino, Olli (M.Sc. Techn)
  • Tuomisto, Jouni (MD, epidemiologist and responsible researcher)
  • Turunen, Anu (M.Sc.)
  • Verkasalo, Pia (MD, Ph.D., docent of epidemiology)


Xenobiotic impacts on fish and its socio-economic relevance

The simplistic conceptual graph below describes some sublethal xenobiotic impacts on fish and their socio-economic relevance and human health implications. The most important nodes in the causal chain are filled in with a dark blue colour. These are the factors that we 1) call variables and 2) find most relevant, at the moment, from the human health point of view, and therefore aim to describe in our actual model (see graph under title "Policy options implications for fish consumption" below).

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Literature on the topic

  • Elliott M, Hemingway KL, Krueger D, Thiel R, Hylland K, Arukwe A, Förlin L, Sayer M. 2003. From the Individual to the Population and Community responses to Pollution. In: Effects of Pollution on Fish, Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Lawrence AJ, Hemingway KL. (eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK.
  • Lawrence AJ, Elliott M. 2002. Introduction and Conceptual Model. In: Effects of Pollution on Fish, Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Lawrence AJ, Hemingway KL. (eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK.

Policy options implications for fish consumption

Relevant policy options for controlling human health effects due to fish consumption (under construction...).


Green boxes of the underlying graph are described here

1. Fisheries management Underlying fisheries management policy of EU here

  • Directing and steering fishing

- (velvoiteistutukset)

- Restrictions and limitations (fish size, species, catch areas, allowed fishing seasons,

- Imposing duty on dumping of fish

- Research

- Research policies

- lobbying (different interests of stakeholders)

  • Directing aquaculture

- Financial support to aquaculture

- Research

- Research policies

- lobbying (different interests of stakeholders)


2. Consumption advisories and recommendations

  • Setting maximum concentration for dioxins found in fish

-Commission regulation (EC) No 199/2006) http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/2/2d/503099_AsetusehdotusENG.pdf

-Council Regulation (EC) No 2375/2001 of November 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs http://heande.pyrkilo.fi/heande/images/b/b7/503099_DioksiiniasetusFIN.pdf

  • Setting maximum concentration for methyl mercury found in fish

-1 mg/kg set by EU

-National limits for particular species and areas/points in time?

3. Steering institutional kitchen How the use of fish in the institutional kitchens can be influenced by policies?

  • e.g. use of herring in institutional kitchens has been declining in Finland, maybe due to high dioxin concentrations of herring
  • e.g. the price of the fish affects to the use of fish

4. Fish marketability Some background on the quality chain management in fish processing industry here

5. Implications to fishery Policies to affect the fishery catch.

6. Dietary habits A decision of an individual. How personal preferencies influence overall fish consumption

7. Quality of fish as food The better the quality, the more fish is used for food.


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Health consequences attributable to fish consumption

Here we try to pinpoint the most relevant health endpoints for substances found in fish – both beneficial such as those ensuing from omega-3-fatty acid and vitamin D intake, and harmful, resulting from fish contamination by e.g. dioxins and (methyl)mercury (human xenobiotic exposure via intake of contaminated fish). This part is under construction.

End points

Here are listed some potential end points for substances to take into account in the model.


End points with goor or fair scientific consensus about the effect and studied dose-response relationship


  • DIOXIN

-- cancer mortality

-- developmental disorders (teeth)

--

--

  • METHYLMERCURY (MeHg)

-- Cardiovascular mortality

-- Neurobehavioral disorders

--

--

  • OMEGA-3 FATTYACIDS (EPA+DHA)


Heart

-- Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease

-- Reductes the risk of ischemic stroke

-- Protection against heart attack and sudden death

-- Decreases blood pressure

-- Decreases risk of arrhytmias

-- Decreases blood trigyceride levels, increases HDL cholesterol

-- Improves circulation

Accordingly, the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids prevent the evolution of atherosklerosis, which is presented with some personal effectors here. Modest consumption of fish, 1-2 servings/wk, especially species higher in the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, reduces risk of coronary death by 36%. Intake of 250 mg/d of EPA and DHA appears sufficient for primary prevention (Mozaffarian & Rimm, 2006).


Brains

-- Improved neurological development of children

-- Reduces incidence of depression

-- Reduces the risk of Alzheimers disease



Other proposed end points of omega-3 fatty acids, but with less solid scientific consensus and/or without dose-response relationship of the effect

Target organ/end point Description
Eyes improves eye vision, Reduces symptoms of dry eye syndrome
Lungs Reduces symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, Decreases the risk of COPD
Joints Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthitis
Muscles helps build muscles and tissues
Digestion relieves symptoms of ulcerative colitis ad Crohn´s disease
Skin Relieves symptoms of sun damage, psoriasis and eczema
Cancer reduction of incidence of some types of cancer




  • VITAMIN-D

-- Promotes absorbion of other minerals

-- Essential for thyroid and parathyroid gland

-- Essential for teeth and bone growth in childhood

See for a causal diagram here

Materials and references

Projects, models, publications etc. related to the topic.

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