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| | ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| − | This abstract is exploring the method and results of GIS (Geographical Information System) based exposure assessment of Finnish population. Exposure is evaluated for fine particles of domestic wood combustion emissions in Finland. Concentration of PM2.5 (fine particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) is used in intake fraction (iF) based exposure evaluation. In previous studies GIS has been used in evaluation of PM2.5 dispersion and assessment of exposure for PM2.5. Also mortality and hospital admissions as health effects of fine particles have been found in short-term studies. Previous studies have concluded that Finnish population average exposure for primary fine particle emissions is 0.54 µg/m3. Intake fraction for Finnish population has evaluated to be 3.31 per million for fine particles due to domestic wood combustion emissions. In this assessment four different education and age groups in Finland are taken account to intake fraction and exposure evaluations for fine particles of domestic wood combustion. Differences between men and women exposure to fine particles are also studied.
| + | The domestic wood combustion is one of the most important primary fine particulate matter (PPM2.5) emission source category in Finland. In our previous study we have estimated that average intake fraction (iF) for PPM2.5 emissions originated from domestic wood combustion is x.xx per million. In this study we estimated iF for domestic wood combustion related PPM2.5 emissions and for the different population groups. |
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| | ==Material and Methods== | | ==Material and Methods== |
| − | | + | The PPM2.5 emission data was based on the Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model. The dispersion of pollutants was based on the urban dispersion modeling system (name and version of the modeling). The resulting concentration data was combined with population data using ArcGIS version x. The population data was based on Statistics Finland Grid Database. The dataset contained population numbers for Finland in resolution of 250 x 250 m2 for 2004 for different age groups and for different education groups 2005, respectively. Intake fractions were estimated by combining emission strength, concentration, population and breathing rate data. A nominal breathing rate of 20 m3/day/person was adopted in this study. |
| − | The population data for Finland was obtained from the Statistics Finland Grid Database [http://www.stat.fi/tup/ruututietokanta/index_en.html]. The dataset contained population numbers for Finland on a resolution of 250 x 250 m2 for 2004 of different age groups and 2005 of different education groups, respectively. PM2.5 emissions of domestic wood combustion in residential buildings were calculated with the Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model. The dispersion model applied in this study was the urban dispersion modelling system. It includes a multiple source Gaussian plume model and a meteorological pre-processor MPP-FMI. Data of PM2.5 contained concentrations (ng/m3) with 1 km grid resolution. Data of dispersed concentrations were joined into population data with ArcGIS. using nearest concentration points of each population grid. Product of population and concentration of each grid and sum of this product over Finland was calculated with ArcGIS (eq. 1). Rest of iF calculation and exposure were implemented using Analytica ™ version 4.1 (eq. 2). | |
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| − | Intake fraction illustrates the fraction of pollution that is taken in via inhalation, ingestion and dermal by exposure for individual or population. In this study iF has been defined as fraction of fine particles of domestic wood combustion in residential buildings in Finland to Finnish population as following equation:
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| − | eq. 1 iF = Σi(Ci * Popi) * Br / Q,
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| − | where Pop is the number of population in grid cell i (persons), i = 1,2, ..., n, n is the total number of grid cells in the study area, C is the concentration increase of PM2.5 in the grid cell i due to a specified emission source category or area of emissions (g/m3), Br is the breathing rate (m3/s/person), and Q is the emission rate (g/s). A nominal breathing rate of 20 m3/day/person (~0.0002 m3/s/person) was adopted in this study as in many previous ones.
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| − | eq. 2 E = (Q x iF) / (Pop x Br)
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| − | , where E is population average primary fine particle concentration (unit g/m3), Q is th emission rate (g/s) iF is intake fraction, Pop is number of people, and Br is breathing rate. Constant 20 dm3/day breathing rate was used in the analyses.
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| | ==Results== | | ==Results== |
| − | | + | The iF variation between different population groups was small. The average iF for different genders were 1.7 per million and 1.6 per million for females and males, respectively. The average iF for different age groups varied from 0.3 per million (juvenile) to 0.7 per million (children). People with higher education had highest and people with comprehensive school education lowest exposure levels. |
| − | ===Intake fraction===
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| − | The intake fraction didn’t vary a lot between men and woman (Table 1). Children had highest intake fraction and juvenile lowest. There were more variation between iF of educational subpopulation groups. People who had vocational education had highest iF and upper secondary school passed population had lowest. | |
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| − | Table 1. The intake fraction of fine particles of domestic wood combustion in residential buildings to female and males and different age and educational groups of Finnish population.
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| − | {| {{prettytable}}
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| − | | iF (per million)
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| − | |----
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| − | | Female
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| − | | 1.7
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| − | |----
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| − | | Male
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| − | | 1.6
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| − | |----
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| − | | Children (0-17)
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| − | | 0.7
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| − | |----
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| − | | Juvenile (18-24)
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| − | | 0.3
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| − | |----
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| − | | Middle age (45–54)
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| − | | 0.5
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| − | |----
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| − | | Pensioner (65–)
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| − | | 0.5
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| − | |----
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| − | | Higher education
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| − | | 0.4
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| − | |----
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| − | | Vocational education
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| − | | 1.1
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| − | |----
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| − | | Upper secondary school
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| − | | 0.2
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| − | |----
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| − | | Comprehensive school
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| − | | 0.8
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| − | |----
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| − | |}
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| − | ===Exposure===
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| − | Exposure for fine particles due to Finnish domestic combustion emissions in Finland population varied between subpopulations (Fig 1). People with higher education had highest and people with comprehensive school education lowest exposure level. People between 18-24 ages exposed most and pensioner least to domestic combustion emissions.
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| − | [[Image:Exposure2000.PNG|thumb|center|500px|Figure 1. Exposure (µg/m3) of different population groups in Finland for fine particles of domestic wood combustion emissions.]]
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| | ==Conclusions== | | ==Conclusions== |
| − | *The iF and exposure estimates for the Finnish domestic wood burning emissions and for the population in Finland seems to vary between subpopulations. This is down to differences between population sizes.
| + | In conclusions the variation in iF and in exposure levels for PPM2.5 originated from domestic wood combustion is small between subpopulations in Finland. The average exposure levels varied between 0.5 and 0.6 ug/m3. |
| − | *The iF variations estimate variability with exposure of subpopulations.
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| − | *With GIS based method regional variation between population sizes will affect to iF and exposure estimates. Thus, variation seems to estimate higher exposure near the emission sources.
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Revision as of 10:25, 20 April 2009
Poster abstract for ISES 2009 will be written here. Please feel free to comment.
Abstract Requirements:
- Abstracts should not exceed 300 words (2,000 characters). Puolet pitäisi tekstistä hävittää..
- Abstracts reporting on research or investigations must include results. Statements such as “findings will be reported” are not sufficient.
- Abstracts must be submitted electronically at www.ises09.org by May 1, 2009.
Calculations as Analytica verion can be downloaded here.
Introduction
The domestic wood combustion is one of the most important primary fine particulate matter (PPM2.5) emission source category in Finland. In our previous study we have estimated that average intake fraction (iF) for PPM2.5 emissions originated from domestic wood combustion is x.xx per million. In this study we estimated iF for domestic wood combustion related PPM2.5 emissions and for the different population groups.
Material and Methods
The PPM2.5 emission data was based on the Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) model. The dispersion of pollutants was based on the urban dispersion modeling system (name and version of the modeling). The resulting concentration data was combined with population data using ArcGIS version x. The population data was based on Statistics Finland Grid Database. The dataset contained population numbers for Finland in resolution of 250 x 250 m2 for 2004 for different age groups and for different education groups 2005, respectively. Intake fractions were estimated by combining emission strength, concentration, population and breathing rate data. A nominal breathing rate of 20 m3/day/person was adopted in this study.
Results
The iF variation between different population groups was small. The average iF for different genders were 1.7 per million and 1.6 per million for females and males, respectively. The average iF for different age groups varied from 0.3 per million (juvenile) to 0.7 per million (children). People with higher education had highest and people with comprehensive school education lowest exposure levels.
Conclusions
In conclusions the variation in iF and in exposure levels for PPM2.5 originated from domestic wood combustion is small between subpopulations in Finland. The average exposure levels varied between 0.5 and 0.6 ug/m3.
