Revision as of 06:34, 14 June 2017

Homework 1

1a

←# : Good. --Jouni (talk) 08:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

• What is the main purpose of environmental health assessment?

In environmental health the features of the environment in which we live such as biological, chemical and physical factors are studied and the impact of these features on the health of human beings is taken into consideration. Therefore, the main purpose of environmental health assessment is to progress the deliberate plans of actions that guide environmental decisions aimed at desired outcomes on human health and well being and to provide valuable data for policy makers in order to assess them so that during policy making they will have the opportunity to use the preferable options which are available. In other words an environmental health assessment is a tool for identification and prediction of health impacts before the implementation of an activity and thus negative health impacts can be prevented and/or controled and positive health impacts are enhanced.

• What is shared understanding?

Shared understanding is defined as a situation in which the individuals taking part can comprehend the decision options, the results that are favorable and the main goals that are followed. The facts, the opinions and the opinions against the decisions should be manifested for all the members taking part as well. In addition, the reason in which a specific decision is taken has to be clear. Not every individual should agree with the final decision and the result has to be written and shared with everyone.

• What are co-creation skills?

Co-creation skills and facilitation are all the specific capabilities and skills that are required for practicing the open policy. The members taking part in the policy making can have these skills and if not the individuals having the skills can be rented from outside. A few of the skills that are found to be crucial can be named as encouragement, synthesis, open data, and modelling.

1- Encouragement is utilized to build an atmosphere that is supportive and in which taking part in the task is convenient. In addition to making the process conceivable in an operative approach.

2- Synthesis in which the data are combined so that they are useful and accessible for further use by future projects.

3- Open data modifies the data that are available to a form that can be utilized by assessment models in a practical approach.

4- Modelling is used in order to construct the assessment models; modular working, developing models as well as assessing the uncertainties.

1b : Learning the terms in Quizlet

All the tests were done, a novel method for learning

1c : Introduction to critical thinking

The videos were watched and the tests were done completely. I got new info about validity and soundness.

1d : Introduction to probabilities

Done, new approach for learning.

Homework 3

Task a

Materials for section a, b and c were read mostly, unfortunately the class for this section has ended but I think it's part of the homework to inform the parts that have not been clear although there is a definition for all of them:

Quasi-likelihood --# : Quasi-likelihood is a statistical method to allow for more dispersion than what a typical probability distribution would predict. It can be used in regression analyses with binary data. --Jouni (talk) 08:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Bootstrap --# : Bootstrap is a method for e.g. estimating confidence intervals by resampling the observations from a study with replacement. This produces a large set of results with the same size as the original study, and they can be used for calculating statistical parameters. Fun fact: the name of bootstrapping originates from Baron Munchausen who was claimed to pull himself out of a swamp by pulling his own bootstraps (which is of course physically impossible). --Jouni (talk) 08:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

EDx --# : ED50 or effective dose 50 is the dose that causes a particular effect to occur in 50 % of the tested laboratory animals. There are several similar metrices such as ED10, which is a dose that causes 10 % of animals to respond. A special case of EDx is LD50, where the effect of interest is acute lethality within 24 hours from the dosage. --Jouni (talk) 08:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Task b

What is co-creation?

Co creation is when there is a beneficial interaction between the individual customer and the company in a way that causes the creation of innovative experiences and all the values are somehow made with the cooperation of both the consumer and the company not by the company alone. In this system the customer will have the ability to produce the service experience along with the firm, in order to be suiting his/her needs.

What advantage does it bring compared with more traditional decision support processes?

In this process the customer is not seen in a higher value but along with the company they work to achieve the final goal. The mistakes found along with the problems are found with the interaction of the two sides and solved in the same manner. In this process the consumers have the opportunity to talk actively and transfer their comments and they can make various experiences. Experiences are different and it is not segment of one. The consumers experience the business as is in reality and in this way more personal experiences can be built and the experience environments are innovative for more novel co-creation experiences to be constructed and they don’t require side innovations for products and services that are new.

What is the role of a facilitator, and what skills do they need?

The facilitator’s role in group problem structuring and decision option evaluation tasks can be categorized in three sections first is helping in divergent thinking by thinking about various perspective of the problem as well as their objectives. Second, the groan zone is another field in which the facilitator helps in by opening up new way for the individuals to consider for themselves. Third, is role of the facilitator to assess in convergent thinking.

The facilitator requires four essential skills such as being an active listener by for example asking indirect questions from the participants assisting with turn taking and helping in causing the debate to be balanced. The facilitator should have the ability to chart write effectively by using different material such as flipcharts and whiteboards. Third feature of a good facilitator is having the ability to manage the group dynamically and shift the power. Last but not the least contributing factor important to be in a facilitator is reaching the closure which has to be at the time the group has managed to reach the point in which ending to the proposal is required that is done for instance by stopping group discussion.

Scope

Question

What are the impacts of climate change in Denmark? What are the developing techniques and methods to avoid negative effects of climate change as well as exploiting any positive potential in Denmark? effects of climate change in public health?

What are the developing methods and tools for evaluating the socio-economic consequences of adaptation initiatives and strategies and developing management tools?

Intended use and users

The state and municipalities which take initiatives, as well as individuals that are affected by the climate change such as citizens, businesses, city planners and the construction sector. In addition it can be used by everyone responsible for infrastructure and many other important players.

Participants

• a targeted information campaign, including creation of a web portal operated by an information centre;

• a research strategy that will include estalishment of a coordinating body to ensure that Danish climate research focuses on the adaptation question to a greater extent;

• establishing an organizational framework, including establishing a horizontal coordination forum for adaptation that will ensure a coordinated effort among public authorities.

• Cross-sectoral Coordination Forum for Climate Change Adaptation

• Information centre for climate change adaptation

• Coordinating unit for research in climate change adaptation

Boundaries

Geographic boundaries of the assessment are limited within the boundaries of Denmark. Although this is one way but considering the fact that climate changing is a global matter. I addition this strategy focuses on what will be attainable in the individual sectors within the next 10 years, therefore timing can be considered as a boundary as well. Lack of more detailed socio-economic analysis in order to quantify the consequences of the suggested measures.

Decisions and scenarios

• Coastal management, dikes, ports etc.

With the climate change happening vigorous storms and higher water levels in the sea will be expected that will lead to more risks of flooding and higher rates of erosion in areas along the coast. Maybe for preventing erosion land owners will enhance the amount of sand and channel dredging will be increased in areas that it is required. In some areas dikes or dunes as well as harbor installations and ferry baths can be reinforced. Since it is the landowner’s responsibility to protects itself from flooding and erosion no specific rule is required in this field. However, the Danish Coastal Authority will recommend minimum heights for building footings and dike heights upon request. However,Minimum heights for building footings and dike heights upon request recommended by the Danish Coastal Authority.

• Buildings and infrastructure

- Buildings Autonomous adaptation must be expected with regard to limiting snow-load and storm damage as well as controlling indoor climate in particular. With respect to strengthening existing buildings that is the responsibility of individual building owners. A compulsory labeling regulation can be introduced. No special, planned measures will be recommended for building extensions or renovation.

- Roads and railways Enhanced precipitation, groundwater levels, temperatures and winds will cause serious effects on the road and the road as well as the railways. For efficient drainage to occur the size of the drainage system has to be adjusted and drainage has to be done adequately. Modern safety installation will be beneficial in railway. Autonomous adaptation to climate change as well as improved maintenance is crucial as well. Road regulations and railway standards must be reviewed and revised in accord with the expected climate changes

- Sewers Precautions will be taken in order to minimise the extent of damage in the event of flooding. Payment regulations can be a motivator for property owners to undertake alternative surface-water drainage methods, such as percolation.

• Water supply

Autonomous adaptation to climate change will be proposed when greater groundwater formation and increasing groundwater levels occur. Planning and reassessment of permits for water extraction will be undertaken sometimes Relocation of water extraction could occur as well. Socio-economic reassessment of water directives may be required in long term.

• Energy supply

Increase in average temperatures and higher wind speeds will affect energy consumption as a result of climate change, winters lower energy for warming is required but warmer summers will need more energy for the cooling system. Increased wind speed can on the one hand lead to greater electricity production from wind turbines, but on the other hand, in storm situations wind turbines must be shut down to avoid storm damage. On the other hand district heating system can be used for producing district cooling.

• Agriculture and forestry

Agriculture:

CO2 concentrations and temperatures will increase which will lead to a longer growing season more agricultural products and introduction of new crops as well as different disease and insect patterns and an increased need for fertilizer. Two differnt stages are required in terms of climate change Short-term adaptation by optimizing the current conditions as well as Long-term adaptation that involves changes in agriculture's structure, technology and land use, irrigation systems, etc, as well as development and adaptation of new species and types of crops.

The impacts of climate change can be taken into account in the evaluation and reassessment of existing and forthcoming regulations. Targeted research efforts into the impacts of climate change on agriculture will be required in order to make qualified economic calculations.

- Forestry Actions that can be taken include: subsidy schemes aimed at private forestry, supporting the use of more robust hardwood species, well-suited provenances and cultivation of varied forests with subsidies for good. In future by assessing the climate change effects substantial steps can be taken for close-to-nature management in order to convert the national forests to close-to-nature forestry.

• Fisheries

climate change will cause various effects on different species of fish. The fishing sector is expected to develop new equipment, methods and types of boats concurrently with the altered fishing possibilities. updated tools (models and databases) that can be used to quantify and qualify the meaning of climate change for the sea's food chains, ecosystems and fish stocks and their sustainable exploitation is required to be developed and Dissemination of the current knowledge on the character and extent of climate change is essential as well as socio-economic analyses in several areas.

• Nature management

Adaptation to climate change in all sectors should take place with concern for nature and the environment. An evaluation should be made of whether the existing regulations for strategic environmental assessments (SEA) and environmental impact assessments (EIA) are sufficiently inclusive from the perspective of adaptation to climate change.

Information and guidelines for municipalities on green corridors will be needed as well as economic analysis in a number of areas.

• Land use planning

Conscientious planning of land use will be conducted

• Health

public prevention and treatment programmes and monitoring systems will be required in connection with more heat waves, altered infectious disease patterns as well as increasing occurrence of allergies and accidents and any increased occurrence of skin cancer in the future climate.

Climate change may require reprioritisation or adjustment of information campaigns, there may be a need for socio-economic analyses as well.

• Rescue preparedness

Rescue preparedness can be deployed in actions to prevent, limit and aid injuries and damage to people, property and the environment. Continuous adaptation in the form of improving equipment can also be taken into consideration.

• Insurance aspects

Timing

This strategy focuses on what will be attainable in the individual sectors within the next 10 years. By "attainable" is meant that a measure should be scientifically, technically and socio-economically appropriate for implementation within the given period. Different sections have there specific time table for instance energy supply is characterised by a typical investment horizon of 10–30 years. Agriculture observed climate changes over a period of at least 30 years and in relation to expected climate changes over a relevant period, depending on the character of the analysis.