Difference between revisions of "Building model"

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(Calculations: new building model without timepoints. Does not go to negative.)
(variable table was moved to dependencies and causal diagram to answer)
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==Answer==
 
==Answer==
  
:''For examples of model use, see [[Building stock in Kuopio]] and [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]].
+
[[image:Building model causal diagram.png|thumb|400px|Causal diagram of the [[building model]]. The actual model is up to the yellow node Building stock, and the rest is an example how the result can be used in models downstream.]]
 +
:''For examples of model use, see [[Helsinki energy decision 2015]], [[Building stock in Kuopio]] and [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]].
  
The model uses the following ovariables and their inputs:
+
The overall equation in the model is this:
  
<math>buildings = (stockBuildings + changeBuildings) * heatingShares * efficiencyShares * renovationShares * renovationRate</math>
+
<math>B_{t,h,e,r} = \int\int (Bs_{b,t,a} Hs_h Es_e + Bc_{b,h,e,t,a}) Rr_a Rs_{r,t} t)\mathrm{d}b \mathrm{d}a</math>
  
{| {{prettytable}}
+
* B = buildings, floor area of buildings in specified groups
|+'''Variables in the assessment model
+
* Bs = stockBuildings, floor area of the current buildings
! Ovariable || Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data
+
* Bc = changeBuildings, floor area of constructed and demolished (as negative areas) buildings
|----
+
* Hs = heatingShares, fractions of different heating types in a group of buildings
| rowspan="7"| buildings (from the model)
+
* Es = efficiencyShares, fractions of different efficiency classes in a group of buildings
| stockBuildings (case-specific data from the user) e.g. [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
+
* Rr = renovationRate, fraction of buildings renovated per year
| Amount of building stock (typically in floor-m2) at given timepoints.
+
* Rs = renovationShares, fractions of different renovation types performed when buildings are renovated
| Required indices: Time (time the building was built. If not known, present year can be used for all buildings.) Typical indices: City_area, Building (building type)
+
* t = obstime, timepoints for which the building stock is calculated.
| You must give either stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares or changeBuildings or both. For missing data, use 0.
+
* Indices required (also other indices are possible)
|----
+
** t = Obsyear, time of observation. This is renamed Time on the output data.
| heatingShares (case-specific data from the user)
+
** b = Time (in the input data), time when the building was built. {{attack|# |It may be too confusing to use the same name in two different meanings.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 11:28, 15 July 2015 (UTC)}}
| Fractions of heating types. Should sum up to 1 within each group defined by optional indices.
+
** a = Age, age of building at a timepoint. This is calculated as a = t - b.
| Required indices: Heating. Typical indices: Time, Building
+
** h = Heating, primary heating type of a building
| If no data, use 1 as a placeholder.
+
** e = Efficiency, efficiency class of building when built
|----
+
** r = Renovation, type of renovation done to a non-renovated building (currently, you can only renovate a building once)
| efficiencyShares (case-specific data from the user)
+
 
| Fraction of energy efficiency types. Should sum up to 1 for each group defined by other indices.
+
The model is iterative across the Obsyear index so that renovations performed at one timepoint are inherited to the next timepoint, and that situation is the starting point for renovations in that timepoint.
| Required indices: Efficiency. Typical indices: Time, Building.
 
| If no data, use 1 as default.
 
|----
 
| changeBuildings (case-specific data from the user)
 
| Construction or demolition rate as floor-m2 at given timepoints.  
 
| Required indices: Time, Efficiency, Heating. If both stockBuildings and changeBuildings are used, changeBuildings should have all indices in stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares. Typical indices: Building, City_area.
 
| If the data is only in stockBuildings, use 0 here.
 
|----
 
| renovationShares (case-specific data from the user)
 
| Fraction of renovation types when renovation is done. Should sum to 1 for each group defined by other indices.
 
| Required indices: Renovation, Startyear. Startyear is the time when the renovation is done, and it must be different than the Time index. Typical indices:
 
| If no data, use 1 as default.
 
|----
 
| renovationRate (case-specific data from user. You can also use fairly generic data from [[Building stock in Kuopio]].)
 
| Rate of renovation (fraction per time unit).
 
| Required indices: Age (the time difference between construction and renovation, i.e. Startyear - Time for each building).
 
|
 
|----
 
| obstime (assessment-specific years of interest)
 
| one-column data.frame about the years to be used in output. The column name must be the same as the index name in RenovationShares (typically Startyear). E.g. [[Climate change policies and health in Kuopio]]
 
|
 
|
 
|----
 
|}
 
  
 
==Rationale==
 
==Rationale==
 
[[image:Building model causal diagram.png|thumb|400px|Causal diagram of the [[building model]].]]
 
  
 
===Calculations===
 
===Calculations===
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===Dependencies===
 
===Dependencies===
  
* [[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]
+
{| {{prettytable}}
* [[OpasnetUtils/Drafts]]
+
|+'''Variables in the assessment model
* [[Energy use of buildings]]
+
! Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data
* [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
+
|----
* [[Intake fractions of PM]]
+
| stockBuildings (case-specific data from the user) e.g. [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
 +
| Amount of building stock (typically in floor-m2) at given timepoints.
 +
| Required indices: Time (time the building was built. If not known, present year can be used for all buildings.) Typical indices: City_area, Building (building type)
 +
| You must give either stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares or changeBuildings or both. For missing data, use 0.
 +
|----
 +
| heatingShares (case-specific data from the user)
 +
| Fractions of heating types. Should sum up to 1 within each group defined by optional indices.
 +
| Required indices: Heating. Typical indices: Time, Building
 +
| If no data, use 1 as a placeholder.
 +
|----
 +
| efficiencyShares (case-specific data from the user)
 +
| Fraction of energy efficiency types. Should sum up to 1 for each group defined by other indices.
 +
| Required indices: Efficiency. Typical indices: Time, Building.
 +
| If no data, use 1 as default.
 +
|----
 +
| changeBuildings (case-specific data from the user)
 +
| Construction or demolition rate as floor-m2 at given timepoints.
 +
| Required indices: Obsyear, Time, Efficiency, Heating. If both stockBuildings and changeBuildings are used, changeBuildings should have all indices in stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares. Typical indices: Building, City_area.
 +
| If the data is only in stockBuildings, use 0 here.
 +
|----
 +
| renovationShares (case-specific data from the user)
 +
| Fraction of renovation types when renovation is done. Should sum to 1 for each group defined by other indices.
 +
| Required indices: Renovation, Obsyear. Obsyear is the time when the renovation is done
 +
| If no data, use 1 as default.
 +
|----
 +
| renovationRate (case-specific data from user. You can also use fairly generic data from [[Building stock in Kuopio]].)
 +
| Rate of renovation (fraction per time unit).
 +
| Required indices: Age (the time difference between construction and renovation, i.e. Obsyear - Time for each building).
 +
| If no data, use 0.
 +
|----
 +
| obstime (assessment-specific years of interest)
 +
| The years to be used in output. The only index Obsyear contains the years to look at; Result is 1.
 +
| Required indices: Obsyear. Typical indices: other indices are not allowed.
 +
| -
 +
|----
 +
|}
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
Line 161: Line 171:
 
* [[Building data availability in Kuopio]]
 
* [[Building data availability in Kuopio]]
 
* [[Energy balance]]
 
* [[Energy balance]]
 +
* [[Exposure to PM2.5 in Finland]]
 +
* [[Energy use of buildings]]
 +
* [[Building stock in Kuopio]]
 +
* [[Intake fractions of PM]]
 
* [[Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio]]
 
* [[Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio]]
 
* [[:heande:File:2013 10 29 - Exposure-Response Functions.xlsx]]
 
* [[:heande:File:2013 10 29 - Exposure-Response Functions.xlsx]]

Revision as of 11:28, 15 July 2015



Question

How to estimate the size of the building stock of a city, including heating properties, renovations etc? The situation is followed over time, and different policies can be implemented.

Answer

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Causal diagram of the building model. The actual model is up to the yellow node Building stock, and the rest is an example how the result can be used in models downstream.
For examples of model use, see Helsinki energy decision 2015, Building stock in Kuopio and Climate change policies and health in Kuopio.

The overall equation in the model is this:

Failed to parse (Missing <code>texvc</code> executable. Please see math/README to configure.): B_{t,h,e,r} = \int\int (Bs_{b,t,a} Hs_h Es_e + Bc_{b,h,e,t,a}) Rr_a Rs_{r,t} t)\mathrm{d}b \mathrm{d}a

  • B = buildings, floor area of buildings in specified groups
  • Bs = stockBuildings, floor area of the current buildings
  • Bc = changeBuildings, floor area of constructed and demolished (as negative areas) buildings
  • Hs = heatingShares, fractions of different heating types in a group of buildings
  • Es = efficiencyShares, fractions of different efficiency classes in a group of buildings
  • Rr = renovationRate, fraction of buildings renovated per year
  • Rs = renovationShares, fractions of different renovation types performed when buildings are renovated
  • t = obstime, timepoints for which the building stock is calculated.
  • Indices required (also other indices are possible)
    • t = Obsyear, time of observation. This is renamed Time on the output data.
    • b = Time (in the input data), time when the building was built. # : It may be too confusing to use the same name in two different meanings. --Jouni (talk) 11:28, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
    • a = Age, age of building at a timepoint. This is calculated as a = t - b.
    • h = Heating, primary heating type of a building
    • e = Efficiency, efficiency class of building when built
    • r = Renovation, type of renovation done to a non-renovated building (currently, you can only renovate a building once)

The model is iterative across the Obsyear index so that renovations performed at one timepoint are inherited to the next timepoint, and that situation is the starting point for renovations in that timepoint.

Rationale

Calculations

+ Show code

Dependencies

Variables in the assessment model
Dependencies Measure Indices Missing data
stockBuildings (case-specific data from the user) e.g. Building stock in Kuopio Amount of building stock (typically in floor-m2) at given timepoints. Required indices: Time (time the building was built. If not known, present year can be used for all buildings.) Typical indices: City_area, Building (building type) You must give either stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares or changeBuildings or both. For missing data, use 0.
heatingShares (case-specific data from the user) Fractions of heating types. Should sum up to 1 within each group defined by optional indices. Required indices: Heating. Typical indices: Time, Building If no data, use 1 as a placeholder.
efficiencyShares (case-specific data from the user) Fraction of energy efficiency types. Should sum up to 1 for each group defined by other indices. Required indices: Efficiency. Typical indices: Time, Building. If no data, use 1 as default.
changeBuildings (case-specific data from the user) Construction or demolition rate as floor-m2 at given timepoints. Required indices: Obsyear, Time, Efficiency, Heating. If both stockBuildings and changeBuildings are used, changeBuildings should have all indices in stockBuildings, heatingShares, and efficiencyShares. Typical indices: Building, City_area. If the data is only in stockBuildings, use 0 here.
renovationShares (case-specific data from the user) Fraction of renovation types when renovation is done. Should sum to 1 for each group defined by other indices. Required indices: Renovation, Obsyear. Obsyear is the time when the renovation is done If no data, use 1 as default.
renovationRate (case-specific data from user. You can also use fairly generic data from Building stock in Kuopio.) Rate of renovation (fraction per time unit). Required indices: Age (the time difference between construction and renovation, i.e. Obsyear - Time for each building). If no data, use 0.
obstime (assessment-specific years of interest) The years to be used in output. The only index Obsyear contains the years to look at; Result is 1. Required indices: Obsyear. Typical indices: other indices are not allowed. -

See also

Helsinki energy decision 2015
In English
Assessment Main page | Helsinki energy decision options 2015
Helsinki data Building stock in Helsinki | Helsinki energy production | Helsinki energy consumption | Energy use of buildings | Emission factors for burning processes | Prices of fuels in heat production | External cost
Models Building model | Energy balance | Health impact assessment | Economic impacts
Related assessments Climate change policies in Helsinki | Climate change policies and health in Kuopio | Climate change policies in Basel
In Finnish
Yhteenveto Helsingin energiapäätös 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätöksen vaihtoehdot 2015 | Helsingin energiapäätökseen liittyviä arvoja | Helsingin energiapäätös 2015.pptx
Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References


  • Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., Samet, J. M., Spengler, J. D., Taylor, S. T., Weschler, C. J., Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. INDOOR AIR 21 (2011) 3: 191 - 204. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x ISSN 0905-6947
  • Brightman, H. S., Milton, D. K., Wypij, D., Burge, H. A., Spengler, J. D. Evaluating building-related symptoms using the US EPA BASE study results. INDOOR AIR 18 (2008) 4: 335-345. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00557.x
  • Nishioka, Y, Levy, JI, Norris, GA, Bennett, DH, Spengler, JD. A risk-based approach to health impact assessment for input-output analysis - Part 2: Case study of insulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 10 (2005) 4: 255-262. doi:10.1065/lca2004.10.186.2 ISSN 0948-3349
  • Samet, JM, Spengler, JD. Indoor environments and health: Moving into the 21st century. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 93 (2003) 9: 1489-1493. 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1489 doi:DI 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1489 ISSN 0090-0036
  • Nishioka, Y, Levy, JI, Norris, GA, Wilson, A, Hofstetter, P, Spengler, JD. Integrating risk assessment and life cycle assessment: A case study of insulation RISK ANALYSIS 22 (2002) 5: 1003-1017. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00266 ISSN 0272-4332