Emission assessment of small-scale energy production in the Helsinki metropolitan area

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Scope

Purpose

This assessments purpose is to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions and cost which are caused in under 50 MW plants for heating in Helsinki Metropolitan Area.

Boundaries

  • Spatial: Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen).
  • Emissions: CO2, PM2.5.
  • Heating methods:
    • District heating, All < 50 MW boiler plants.
    • Single-Family house heating methods.
  • Fuels: All (H/L oil, Pellet, Chip, Gas, Coal).
  • Other impacts: Costs
    • directly from the activity itself of the greenhouse trade
    • new district heating extension costs
  • Population: The whole population in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (capital region) is considered as the active population making societal and individual decisions and where the health impacts of the activities occur. However, climate change impact of the emitted greenhouse gases is considered globally.
  • Decisions:
    • International: base-case and possible/interesting variations to the EU emission trading system (taken as an outside boundary condition) D↷
    • City-level decisions: D↷
      • Extension of the district heating/cooling system to less-populated areas (Yes/No). This may take place in building small-scale (2-10 MW oil/wood chip power plants)
      • Subsidies for improving energy efficiency in buildings (Yes/No)
      • Area planning and land use (Dense vs. loose city structure for new buildings)
      • One nuclear power plant is built in Finland, and the heat load is utilised in the district heating of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
      • Choice of fuel for district heating
    • Citizen-level decisions:
      • Choice of the heating system in the own single-family house (Electricity/Oil/Wood chip) (see Bioher)

Scenarios

Base-case:

  • Current district heating status in Helsinki Metropolitan Area
    • emissions
    • fuels used in plants
    • city's need for heat
    • costs

Future scenarios:

  • Changes in district heating network:
    • expansion?
    • costs, especially what does emission trading affect on costs
    • new plants

Intented users

  • Local district heating distributors in Helsinki Metropolitan Area
  • Participants of the | World Wide Views on Global Warming stakeholder meetings
  • Participants of the COP-15 meeting in Copenhagen
  • City-level policy-makers in all sectors in Helsinki Metropolitan Area as well as everywhere else
  • International policy-makers related to climate change
  • General public
  • Scientists working on climate change and related fields of study

Participants

  • The Assessment and Modeling unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare of Finland, THL.
    • Jouni Tuomisto (leading researcher)
    • Pasi Sorsa (assisting researcher)
  • Funded by Bioher-project

Definition

Deficion variables

  • Decisions:
    • International: Options of the international greenhouse gas trade mechanisms
    • City-level decisions:
      • Extension of the district heating/cooling system to less-populated areas (Yes/No). This may take place in building small-scale (2-10 MW oil/wood chip power plants)
      • Subsidies for improving energy efficiency in buildings (Yes/No)
      • Area planning and land use (Dense vs. loose city structure for new buildings)
    • Citizen-level decisions:
      • Choice of the heating system in the own single-family house (Electricity/Oil/Wood chip)(see Bioher)

Decision variables related to the international treaty:

What are the instruments used?

  • CO2 trade
  • Energy tax
  • Other taxes
  • Emission limits
  • Bans of activity

Major questions

  • Which countries participate in the GHG trade?
  • Which sectors are covered?
  • Which pollutants are covered?
    • CO2
    • N2O
    • CH4
    • CFC
    • Land albedo
    • PM2.5
  • To whom are the quotas given/sold?
  • What is the initial price of the quota?
  • What is the level of ambition (i.e. the amount of quota that is distributed)?
  • What sanctions are forced on those outside the treaty?

Indicator variables

  • Cost and profit
  • Emissions

Other variables

  • Outdoor temperature
  • Housing stock
  • Consumption of heat
  • Heat production
  • Heat production dividing among heat plants

Indicies

  • Time: Years 2009, 2020?

Analyses

  • Analyses for under 50 MW boiler plants for heating
    • fine particles PM2.5 and CO2 emissions
    • costs

Result

Results

Pending...

Conclutions

Pending...

See also

References

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