Difference between revisions of "Emission factors for burning processes"

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{{method|moderator=Pauliina}}
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<noinclude>{{method|moderator=Pauliina}}
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[[Category: BIOHER]]
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[[Category:BIOHER]]
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[[Category: Emission factors]]
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[[Category:Emission factors]]
 
[[Category:Energy]]
 
[[Category:Energy]]
 
[[Category:Emission]]
 
[[Category:Emission]]
 
[[Category:Contains R code]]
 
[[Category:Contains R code]]
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</noinclude>
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Buildings need to be heated in winter so Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants are placed to cities close to humans. Emissions have health impacts locally and globally.
 
  
 
== Question  ==
 
== Question  ==
  
−
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland? Emission factors are estimated in Finland and kettle/plant types used in Finland only.
+
What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.
  
 
== Answer ==
 
== Answer ==
  
−
{{attack|# |Rcode for getting the ovariable is missing.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:05, 26 February 2013 (EET)}}
+
[[File:Emissions from heating in Helsinki.png|thumb|centre|600px|Example of the use of emission factors: CO<sub>2</sub> and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on [[Helsinki energy decision 2015]].]]
 +
 
 +
An example code for downloading and using the variable.
 +
 
 +
<rcode embed=1>
 +
## This code is Op_en2719/ on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
 +
 
 +
library(OpasnetUtils)
 +
library(ggplot2)
 +
 
 +
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionstest")
 +
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionFactors")
 +
 
 +
oprint(summary(EvalOutput(emissionFactors)))
 +
 
 +
</rcode>
  
 
== Rationale ==
 
== Rationale ==
  
−
=== Inputs ===
+
=== Inputs and calculations ===
−
 
 
−
:''See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}
 
  
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+'''Variables in the assessment model
+
|+'''Variables needed for calculating emissions.
−
! Ovariable || Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data
+
! Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data
 
|----
 
|----
−
| rowspan="3"| emissions (from the model) (emissions in mass per time):
+
| fuelUse (from [[Energy balance]] or other relevant source)
−
| energyUse (from [[Energy use of buildings]] or other relevant source)
+
| Amount of fuel used per timepoint.
−
|
+
| Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|----
 
|----
−
| fuelShares (fairly generic knowledge from e.g. [[Energy balance in Kuopio]] {{comment|# |Currently this data is on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]] Table Fuel use in different heating types. However, this is clearly case-specific data and should be on a case-specific page. This should be done retrospectively to Kuopio and Basel as well.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 09:22, 24 May 2015 (UTC)}}
+
| emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. [[Helsinki energy production]])  
−
| Tells how much of fuel is used for a certain neating energy need.
+
| Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack.
−
| Required indices: Fuel_type. Typical indices:  
+
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant
 
|
 
|
 
|----
 
|----
 
| emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. [[Emission factors for burning processes]] ##
 
| emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. [[Emission factors for burning processes]] ##
 
| emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit)
 
| emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit)
−
| Required indices: Exposure_agent. Typical indices:  Emission_height.
+
| Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices:  Burner.
 
|
 
|
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=== Calculations ===
+
<rcode name='emissionstest' label='Initiate emissions (only for developers)' embed=1 store=1>
−
 
+
###This code is Op_en2791/emissionstest on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
−
 
 
−
<rcode name='emissions' label='Initiate emissions (only for developers)' embed=1>
 
−
###This code is Op_en2791/emissions on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
 
  
 
library(OpasnetUtils)
 
library(OpasnetUtils)
Line 57: Line 65:
 
dependencies = data.frame(
 
dependencies = data.frame(
 
Name = c(
 
Name = c(
−
"energyUse",
+
"fuelUse", # Use of fuels (in MJ)
−
"fuelShares",  
+
"emissionFactors", # Emissions of different pollutants per energy (mg /MJ)
−
"emissionFactors",
+
"emissionLocations" # Locations where the emissions are emitted, indexed by City_area or Plant
−
"emissionLocations"
 
 
),
 
),
 
Ident = c(
 
Ident = c(
−
NA, # typically from [[Energy use of buildings]] but there are two ways to calculate
+
NA, # typically from [[Energy balance]] but there are other ways to calculate
−
NA, # case-specific
+
"Op_en2791/emissionFactors", # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
−
Op_en2791/emissionFactors, # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
+
NA # Case-specific data on locations of emissions.
−
NA
 
 
)
 
)
 
),
 
),
 
formula = function(...) {
 
formula = function(...) {
  
−
out <- oapply(energyUse, cols = c("Building", "Efficiency"), FUN = sum)
+
# convert from mg to ton emitted.
−
out <- out * fuelShares * emissionFactors * 3.6  * 1E-9 # convert from kWh /a to MJ /a and mg to ton
+
out <- fuelUse * emissionFactors * 1E-9  
  
 
if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) {
 
if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) {
Line 104: Line 110:
 
===Emission factors for heating===
 
===Emission factors for heating===
  
−
This data are used in [[Urgenche]].
+
<t2b name='Emission factors of energy production' index='Burner,Fuel,Pollutant' locations='PM2.5,CO2direct,CO2trade,CO2eq' desc='Description' unit='mg /MJ'>
 +
Household|Wood|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Household|Biofuel|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Household|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Household|Oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Household|Other sources|0-10|74200|74200|74200|Same as oil.
 +
Household|Coal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Household|Geothermal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Household|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Household|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Wood|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners.
 +
Domestic|Biofuel|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Domestic|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Other sources|0-10|74200|74200|74200|Same as oil.
 +
Domestic|Coal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Domestic|Geothermal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Domestic|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Domestic|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Diesel engine|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Diesel engine|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Diesel engine|Biofuel|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Large fluidized bed|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Large fluidized bed|Coal|2-20|106000|106000|106000|Same as peat.
 +
Large fluidized bed|Wood|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
 +
Large fluidized bed|Biofuel|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
 +
Large fluidized bed|Waste|2-20|74200|0|-50000|CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill
 +
Large fluidized bed|Peat|2-20|106000|106000|107500|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Large fluidized bed|Heavy oil|8-22|91111-106000|106000|91111|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Large fluidized bed|Fuel oil|8-22|91111-106000|106000|91111|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Grid|Electricity|1-10|53000|212000|53000|50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
 +
None|Electricity_taxed|1-10|53000|212000|53000|50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid.
 +
None|Electricity|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
None|Heat|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
None|Cooling|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
</t2b>
 +
 
 +
*Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO<sub>2</sub>-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology<ref name="SVäisänen">Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2</ref>
 +
*Other CO<sub>2</sub>-eq values from [http://www.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf EKOREM]: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
 +
* Classes of climate emissions:
 +
*; CO2direct: Direct CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the stack
 +
*; CO2trade: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.
 +
*; CO2eq: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N<sub>2</sub>O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.
 +
 
 +
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. <ref> http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 {{attack|# |Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be.|--~~~~}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
:''See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}
 +
 
 +
<rcode name='emissionFactors' embed=1 label='Initiate emissionFactors (only for developers)'>
  
−
<t2b name='Emission factors for wood heating' index="Type,Observation" locations="Activity in Finland,PM2.5 emission factor" desc="Description" unit="PJ /a; mg /MJ">
+
# This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
−
Residential buildings|34.2 (30.8-37.6)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008  
+
library(OpasnetUtils)
−
Primary wood-heated residential buildings|20.2 (16.6-23.9)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
+
 
−
Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank|5.42 (3.89-7.22)|80.0 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
+
emissionFactors <- Ovariable(
−
Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank|2.67 (1.67-3.87)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
+
name = 'emissionFactors',
−
Automatic feed wood chip boilers|1.46 (1.01-2)|50.0 (23.5-93.9)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
+
ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
 +
subset = 'Emission factors of energy production'
 +
)
 +
 
 +
objects.store(emissionFactors)
 +
cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n")
 +
 
 +
</rcode>
 +
<noinclude>
 +
 
 +
===Other data===
 +
 
 +
This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 +
! Show details
 +
|----
 +
|
 +
 
 +
These data are used in [[Urgenche]].
 +
 
 +
<t2b name='Emission factors for wood heating' index="Type,Observation" locations="Activity in Finland,PM2.5 emission factor" desc="Description" unit="PJ /a; mg /MJ">
 +
Residential buildings|34.2 (30.8-37.6)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008  
 +
Primary wood-heated residential buildings|20.2 (16.6-23.9)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank|5.42 (3.89-7.22)|80.0 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank|2.67 (1.67-3.87)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Automatic feed wood chip boilers|1.46 (1.01-2)|50.0 (23.5-93.9)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 
Automatic feed pellet boilers|0.102 (0.0693-0.142)|30.0 (14.1-56.3)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 
Automatic feed pellet boilers|0.102 (0.0693-0.142)|30.0 (14.1-56.3)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 
Iron stoves|0.142 (0.0976-0.196)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 
Iron stoves|0.142 (0.0976-0.196)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
Line 130: Line 210:
 
Karvosenoja et al. 2008 <ref>Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235763046_Evaluation_of_the_emissions_and_uncertainties_of_PM2.5_originated_from_vehicular_traffic_and_domestic_wood_combustion_in_Finland]</ref>
 
Karvosenoja et al. 2008 <ref>Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235763046_Evaluation_of_the_emissions_and_uncertainties_of_PM2.5_originated_from_vehicular_traffic_and_domestic_wood_combustion_in_Finland]</ref>
  
−
The table below contains the current situation for Kuopio and Basel and Helsinki. Kuopio uses 'District', and Basel uses 'Long-distance heating', and Helsinki uses 'District heating'.
+
'''Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power.
  
−
<t2b name='Fuel use in different heating types' index='Heating,Burner,Fuel' obs='Fraction' desc='Description' unit='-'>
+
<t2b index="Type of plant or kettle,Fuel power (MW),Fuel,Emission type,PM separator,Observation" locations="Unit,Result,Description" unit="kg /MWh or mg /MJ
−
Wood|Domestic|Wood|1|
+
">
−
Oil|Domestic|Light oil|1|
+
-|-|Heavy oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|279|-
−
Gas|Domestic|Gas|1|
+
Poltinpoltto|<5|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|20-90|Number of plants: 300
−
Heating oil|Domestic|Light oil|1|
+
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|10-70|200
−
Other sources|Domestic|Other sources|1|
+
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|5-40|100
−
No energy source|Domestic|Other sources|1|
+
-|>50|Heavy oil|TSP|-|mg /MJ|15 (5-30)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
−
Geothermal|Grid|Electricity|0.3|Geothermal does not sum up to 1 because more heat is produced than electricity consumed.
+
-|>50|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|5 (1.5-9)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
−
Centrifuge, hydro-extractor|Grid|Electricity|0.3|Not quite clear what this is but presumably a heat pump.
+
-|-|Light oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|267|-
−
Solar heater/ collector|Grid|Electricity|0.1|Use only; life-cycle impacts omitted.
+
Poltinpoltto|<5|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
−
Electricity|Grid|Electricity|1|
+
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
−
</t2b>
+
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|10
−
 
+
Diesel/kaasumoottori|20-40|Heavy oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|30-60|2
−
<rcode name='fuelSharesgeneric' embed=1 label='Initiate fuelSharesgeneric (only for developers)'>
+
-|-|Wood|CO2|-|kg /MWh|0|-
−
 
+
Kerrosleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|10-70|8
−
# This is code Op_en2791/fuelSharesgeneric (only generic) on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
+
Kerrosleijukattila|10-50|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|10
−
library(OpasnetUtils)
+
Kiertoleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|4
−
 
+
Puuarinakattila|<5|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|120
−
fuelSharesgeneric <- Ovariable("fuelSharesgeneric", ddata = "Op_en2791", subset = "Fuel use in different heating types")
+
Puuarinakattila|5-10|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|50
−
colnames(fuelSharesgeneric@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(fuelSharesgeneric@data))
+
Puuarinakattila|10-50|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|10-150|35
−
#fuelSharesgeneric@data <- merge(fuelSharesgeneric@data, data.frame(Time = 1900:2080))
+
Kaasutuskattila|2-7|Wood|PM|syklone|mg /MJ|50-150|5
−
 
+
Leijupoltto|20-100|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005
−
objects.store(fuelSharesgeneric)
+
Leijupoltto|20-100|Biomass|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005;wood > biomass
−
cat("Objects fuelSharesgeneric initiated!\n")
+
Leijupoltto|100-300|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|1-15|VTT 2005
−
 
+
-|-|Peat|CO2|-|kg /MWh|382|-
−
</rcode>
+
Leijupoltto|5-20|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|5-25|VTT 2005
−
 
+
Leijupoltto|20-100|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|4-23|VTT 2005
−
{{attack|# |District heating moved out of the generic table. Should be put to city-specific pages.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 04:41, 12 June 2015 (UTC)}}
+
Leijupoltto|100-300|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|VTT 2005
−
 
+
Leijupoltto|300-500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2-15|VTT 2005
−
Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Waste|0.5|The values are from Wikipedia for Basel. See below.
+
Leijupoltto|>500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2|VTT 2005
−
Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Wood|0.1|
+
|5-20|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|4-38|VTT 2005
−
Long-distance heating|Large fluidized bed|Gas|0.4|
+
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-53|VTT 2005
−
Long-distance heating|Grid|Electricity|0|This is geothermally-generated district heating. Note: the fraction you need electricity is ca. 0.3*the amount of geoheat produced.
+
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|5-24|VTT 2005
−
Coal|Large fluidized bed|Coal|1|
+
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-22|VTT 2005
−
District|Large fluidized bed|Wood|0.04|These values are for Kuopio.
+
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|4-13|VTT 2005
−
District|Large fluidized bed|Peat|0.84|
+
</t2b>
−
District|Large fluidized bed|Heavy oil|0.12|
 
−
District heating|Large fluidized bed|Coal|0.6|These values are for Helsinki.
 
−
District heating|Large fluidized bed|Gas|0.4|
 
−
 
 
−
For guesstimates about Long-distance heating (which is used in Basel), see [[Climate change policies in Basel]] and [[:de:IWB]].
 
−
 
 
−
<t2b name='Emission factors of energy production' index='Burner,Fuel,Pollutant' locations='PM2.5,CO2,CO2official,CO2-eq' desc='Description' unit='mg /MJ'>
 
−
Domestic|Wood|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 
−
Domestic|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 
−
Domestic|Other sources|0-10|74200|74200||Same as oil.
 
−
Domestic|Gas|0-3|55650|55650||For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Gas|0-3|55650|55650||For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Coal|2-20|106000|106000||Same as peat.
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Wood|2-20|74200|0||Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Waste|2-20|74200|0||Same as wood
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Peat|2-20|106000|106000||Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 
−
Large fluidized bed|Heavy oil|8-22|91111-106000|106000|91111|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 
−
Grid|Electricity|1-10|53000|212000||50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
 
−
</t2b>
 
  
−
:[http://www.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen
+
VTT 2005 <ref>http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf</ref>
−
aiheuttajina Suomessa], some values (all CO2-eq) taken from here.
 
  
−
* [http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2 Sanni Väisänen]: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology {{comment|# |This work should be carefully read. It may affect values.|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] ([[User talk:Jouni|talk]]) 13:27, 20 March 2014 (EET)}}
+
Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and
 +
possible PM separator also affect to EF number.
  
−
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants has also less than 5 MW kettle. <ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
+
Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations.
−
</ref>
 
  
−
<rcode name='emissionFactors' embed=1 label='Initiate emissionFactors (only for developers)'>
+
<u>Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model</u>
  
−
# This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
+
This data comes from [[:File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx]].
−
library(OpasnetUtils)
 
  
−
emissionFactors <- Ovariable(
+
Table 2.
−
name = 'emissionFactors',
+
{| {{prettytable}}
−
ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
+
|+ '''Emission factors (t/TJt)
−
subset = 'Emission factors of energy production'
+
|----
−
)
+
! || ||CO2 (+CO)|| CH4|| BC|| Fine PM|| SO2|| NO
−
 
+
|----
−
objects.store(emissionFactors)
+
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Coal|| 101|| 0.001|| 0.02|| 5|| 0.7|| 0.3
−
cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n")
+
|----
−
 
+
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Oil (residual)|| 82|| 0.003|| 0.02|| 0.01|| 0.5|| 0.1
−
</rcode>
+
|----
−
 
+
|| Power plant/industry scale|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.001|| 0.005|| 0|| 0|| 0.06
−
===Other data===
+
|----
−
 
+
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Biomass (ww+agr)|| 130|| 0.025|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
−
{{hidden|
+
|----
−
 
+
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Municipal waste|| 100|| 0.029|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
−
Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power.
+
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Coal|| 103|| 0.301|| 14|| 8|| 1|| 0.1
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Oil (distillate)|| 78|| 0.010|| 0.2|| 0|| 0.5|| 0.04
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.005|| 0.01|| 0|| 0|| 0.02
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Biomass (wood)|| 148|| 0.253|| 10|| 1|| 0|| 0.7
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Petrol|| 67|| 0.001|| || 0.01|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Diesel|| 69|| 0.001|| || 0.028|| EURO-III (CRT traps)||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| LNG|| 70|| 0.001|| || 0.007|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Liq biofuel|| 64|| 0.010|| || 0.03|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|}
  
−
<t2b index="Type of plant or kettle,Fuel power (MW),Fuel,Emission type,PM separator,Observation" locations="Unit,Result,Description" unit="kg /MWh or mg /MJ
+
Table 3.
−
">
+
{| {{prettytable}}
−
-|-|Heavy oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|279|-
+
|+ '''Energy contents
−
Poltinpoltto|<5|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|20-90|Number of plants: 300
+
|----
−
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|10-70|200
+
|| C2H5OH|| 29.700|| MJ/kg
−
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|5-40|100
+
|----
−
-|>50|Heavy oil|TSP|-|mg /MJ|15 (5-30)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
+
|| C2|| 24.000|| molecular weight
−
-|>50|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|5 (1.5-9)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
+
|----
−
-|-|Light oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|267|-
+
|| H6|| 6.000|| molecular weight
−
Poltinpoltto|<5|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
+
|----
−
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
+
|| O|| 16.000|| molecular weight
−
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|10
+
|----
−
Diesel/kaasumoottori|20-40|Heavy oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|30-60|2
+
|| Petrol || 43 || MJ/kg
−
-|-|Wood|CO2|-|kg /MWh|0|-
+
|----
−
Kerrosleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|10-70|8
+
|| Diesel|| 45|| MJ/kg
−
Kerrosleijukattila|10-50|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|10
+
|----
−
Kiertoleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|4
+
|| Liquefied natural gas (LNG) || 56|| MJ/kg
−
Puuarinakattila|<5|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|120
+
|---
−
Puuarinakattila|5-10|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|50
+
|| Gas || 49,00 || MJ/kg
−
Puuarinakattila|10-50|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|10-150|35
+
|---
−
Kaasutuskattila|2-7|Wood|PM|syklone|mg /MJ|50-150|5
+
|| Solid biofuel || 7,00 || MJ/kg
−
Leijupoltto|20-100|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005
+
|---
−
Leijupoltto|20-100|Biomass|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005;wood > biomass
+
|| Liquid biofuel || 29,00 || MJ/kg
−
Leijupoltto|100-300|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|1-15|VTT 2005
+
|---
−
-|-|Peat|CO2|-|kg /MWh|382|-
+
|| Coal || 25,60 || MJ/kg
−
Leijupoltto|5-20|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|5-25|VTT 2005
+
|---
−
Leijupoltto|20-100|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|4-23|VTT 2005
+
|| Crude oil || 43,0 || MJ/kg
−
Leijupoltto|100-300|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|VTT 2005
+
|----
−
Leijupoltto|300-500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2-15|VTT 2005
+
|| 1 kg ethanol = || 0.522|| kg C
−
Leijupoltto|>500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2|VTT 2005
+
|----
−
|5-20|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|4-38|VTT 2005
+
|| produces|| 1.913|| kg CO2
−
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-53|VTT 2005
+
|----
−
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|5-24|VTT 2005
+
|| 1MJ ethanol produces || 0.064|| kg CO2
−
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-22|VTT 2005
+
|----
−
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|4-13|VTT 2005
+
|}
−
</t2b>
+
 
−
 
+
Table 4.
−
VTT 2005 <ref>http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and
 
−
possible PM separator also affect to EF number.
 
−
 
 
−
Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations.
 
−
 
 
−
<u>Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model</u>
 
−
 
 
−
This data comes from [[:File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx]].
 
−
 
 
−
Table 2.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''Emission factors (t/TJt)
+
|+ '''Sulphur contents
 
|----
 
|----
−
! || ||CO2 (+CO)|| CH4|| BC|| Fine PM|| SO2|| NO
+
! ||%
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Coal|| 101|| 0.001|| 0.02|| 5|| 0.7|| 0.3
+
|| Coal S|| 1
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Oil (residual)|| 82|| 0.003|| 0.02|| 0.01|| 0.5|| 0.1
+
|| Residual oil S|| 2.5
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power plant/industry scale|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.001|| 0.005|| 0|| 0|| 0.06
+
|| Distillate oil S|| 0.5
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Biomass (ww+agr)|| 130|| 0.025|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
+
|| Diesel S|| 0.1
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Municipal waste|| 100|| 0.029|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
+
|| Petrol S|| 0.05
−
|----
 
−
|| Local heating|| Coal|| 103|| 0.301|| 14|| 8|| 1|| 0.1
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Local heating|| Oil (distillate)|| 78|| 0.010|| 0.2|| 0|| 0.5|| 0.04
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Local heating|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.005|| 0.01|| 0|| 0|| 0.02
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Local heating|| Biomass (wood)|| 148|| 0.253|| 10|| 1|| 0|| 0.7
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Transport|| Petrol|| 67|| 0.001|| || 0.01|| ||
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Transport|| Diesel|| 69|| 0.001|| || 0.028|| EURO-III (CRT traps)||
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Transport|| LNG|| 70|| 0.001|| || 0.007|| ||
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Transport|| Liq biofuel|| 64|| 0.010|| || 0.03|| ||
 
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Table 3.
+
Table x
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''Energy contents
+
|+ '''Fuel ash and sulfur contents of fuels (%)
−
|----
+
! Fuel !! Ash !! Sulfur
−
|| C2H5OH|| 29.700|| MJ/kg
+
|---
 +
| Coal and peat || 11,0 || 1,1
 +
|---
 +
| Crude oil || 0,4 || 2,5
 +
|---
 +
| Petrochem products || 0,04 || 1,5
 +
|---
 +
| Biofuel and waste || 0,5 || -
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 5.
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Removal rates (%)
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| C2|| 24.000|| molecular weight
+
! !! Coal and peat !! Petrochem products !! Biofuel and waste
 +
|----
 +
|| Power generation fly ash removal || 99,5 || 90,0 || 99,0
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| H6|| 6.000|| molecular weight
+
|| Heat/power fly ash removal|| 99,5 || 90,0 || 95,0
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| O|| 16.000|| molecular weight
+
|| District heating fly ash removal|| 95 || 90 || 90
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Petrol || 43 || MJ/kg
+
|| Power generation SO2 removal|| 45 || 45 ||
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Diesel|| 45|| MJ/kg
+
|| Heat/power SO2 removal|| 0 || ||
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Liquefied natural gas (LNG) || 56|| MJ/kg
+
|| District heating SO2 removal|| 0  || ||
−
|---
 
−
|| Gas || 49,00 || MJ/kg
 
−
|---
 
−
|| Solid biofuel || 7,00 || MJ/kg
 
−
|---
 
−
|| Liquid biofuel || 29,00 || MJ/kg
 
−
|---
 
−
|| Coal || 25,60 || MJ/kg
 
−
|---
 
−
|| Crude oil || 43,0 || MJ/kg
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| 1 kg ethanol = || 0.522|| kg C
+
|| Power generation NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| produces|| 1.913|| kg CO2
+
|| Heat/power NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| 1MJ ethanol produces || 0.064|| kg CO2
+
|| District heating NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Table 4.
+
Table X
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''Sulphur contents
+
|+ '''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion (MtCO<sub>2</sub>/Mtoe)
−
|----
+
!Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Oil !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
−
! ||%
+
|---
−
|----
+
| 3,86 || 3,13 || 3,13 || 2,27 || 4,79
−
|| Coal S|| 1
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Residual oil S|| 2.5
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Distillate oil S|| 0.5
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Diesel S|| 0.1
 
−
|----
 
−
|| Petrol S|| 0.05
 
−
|----
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Table x
+
Table X
  
 
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
  
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''Fuel ash and sulfur contents of fuels (%)
+
|+ '''EC+OC emission factor (t/Mtoe)
−
! Fuel !! Ash !! Sulfur
+
! Type of plant !! Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Petrochem products !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
 +
|---
 +
|Electricity plants || 260 || || 300 || 170 || 300
 +
|---
 +
| CHP Plants || 610 || || 400 || 240 || 800
 
|---
 
|---
−
| Coal and peat || 11,0 || 1,1
+
| Heat plants || 1000|| || 600 || 400 || 3000
 
|---
 
|---
−
| Crude oil || 0,4 || 2,5
+
| Blast furnaces || 3000 || || || ||
 
|---
 
|---
−
| Petrochem products || 0,04 || 1,5
+
| Gas works || 3000 || 1000 || || 100 ||
 
|---
 
|---
−
| Biofuel and waste || 0,5 || -  
+
| Oil refineries || || 400 || 200 || 100 ||
−
|}
+
|---
−
 
+
| Petrochemical plants || 1000 || 300 || || ||
−
Table 5.
+
|---
−
 
+
| Coke/pat. fuel/BKB plants || 600 || || || ||
−
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
+
|---
 +
| Liquefication plants || 600 || || || ||
 +
|}
  
 +
Table 6.
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''Removal rates (%)
+
|+ '''Energy efficiencies
 
|----
 
|----
−
! !! Coal and peat !! Petrochem products !! Biofuel and waste
+
! Fuel|| Power only|| CHP Power|| CHP Heat|| Heat only
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power generation fly ash removal || 99,5 || 90,0 || 99,0
+
|| Nuclear|| 0.37|| 0.32|| 0.50|| 1.00
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Heat/power fly ash removal|| 99,5 || 90,0 || 95,0
+
|| Hydro|| || || ||  
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| District heating fly ash removal|| 95 || 90 || 90
+
|| Wind, solar, geothermal|| || || ||  
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power generation SO2 removal|| 45 || 45 ||
+
|| Coal/peat|| 0.45|| 0.35|| 0.55|| 0.90
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Heat/power SO2 removal|| 0 || ||
+
|| Crude oil|| 0.50|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| District heating SO2 removal|| 0 || ||
+
|| Natural gas|| 0.53|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Power generation NOx removal|| 0 || ||
+
|| Biomass|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Heat/power NOx removal|| 0 || ||
+
|| Municipal waste|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
−
|----
 
−
|| District heating NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Table X
+
Table 7.
−
 
 
−
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 
−
 
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion (MtCO<sub>2</sub>/Mtoe)
+
|+ '''Relative GHG potency
−
!Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Oil !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
+
|----
−
|---
+
! Time|| CO2|| CH4
−
| 3,86 || 3,13 || 3,13 || 2,27 || 4,79
+
|----
 +
|| 20 a.|| 1|| 72
 +
|----
 +
|| 100 a.|| 1|| 25
 +
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Table X
 
  
−
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
+
<u>Emission factors for PM</u>
  
 +
Table 8.
 +
Emission factors for small power plants in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
 +
</ref>
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+ '''EC+OC emission factor (t/Mtoe)
+
| Type of plant or kettle
−
! Type of plant !! Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Petrochem products !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
+
| Fuel power (MW)
−
|---
+
| Fuel
−
|Electricity plants || 260 || || 300 || 170 || 300
+
| PM separator
−
|---
+
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)
−
| CHP Plants || 610 || || 400 || 240 || 800
+
| Number of plants
−
|---
+
|----
−
| Heat plants || 1000|| || 600 || 400 || 3000
+
| Poltinpoltto
−
|---
+
| &lt;5
−
| Blast furnaces || 3000 || || || ||
+
| Heavy oil
−
|---
+
| partly syklone
−
| Gas works || 3000 || 1000 || || 100 ||
+
| 20-90
−
|---
+
| 300
−
| Oil refineries || || 400 || 200 || 100 ||
+
|----
−
|---
+
| Poltinpoltto
−
| Petrochemical plants || 1000 || 300 || || ||
+
| 5-15
−
|---
+
| Heavy oil
−
| Coke/pat. fuel/BKB plants || 600 || || || ||
+
| partly syklone
−
|---
+
| 10-70
−
| Liquefication plants || 600 || || || ||
+
| 200
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
Table 6.
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
|+ '''Energy efficiencies
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
! Fuel|| Power only|| CHP Power|| CHP Heat|| Heat only
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 15-50
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
| partly syklone
 +
| 5-40
 +
| 100
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Nuclear|| 0.37|| 0.32|| 0.50|| 1.00
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| &lt;5
 +
| Light oil
 +
| -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 20
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Hydro|| || || ||  
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 5-15
 +
| Light oil
 +
| -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 20
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Wind, solar, geothermal|| || || ||  
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 15-50
 +
| Light oil
 +
| -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 10
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Coal/peat|| 0.45|| 0.35|| 0.55|| 0.90
+
| Diesel/kaasumoottori
 +
| 20-40
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
| -
 +
| 30-60
 +
| 2
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Crude oil|| 0.50|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
+
| Kerrosleijukattila
 +
| 5-10
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 10-70
 +
| 8
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Natural gas|| 0.53|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
+
| Kerrosleijukattila
 +
| 10-50
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 5-30
 +
| 10
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Biomass|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
+
| Kiertoleijukattila
 +
| 20-40
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 5-30
 +
| 4
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| Municipal waste|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
+
| Puuarinakattila
 +
| &lt;5
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone/electric
 +
| 20-150
 +
| 120
 
|----
 
|----
−
|}
+
| Puuarinakattila
−
 
+
| 5-10
−
Table 7.
+
| Wood
−
{| {{prettytable}}
+
| syklone/electric
−
|+ '''Relative GHG potency
+
| 20-150
 +
| 50
 
|----
 
|----
−
! Time|| CO2|| CH4
+
| Puuarinakattila
 +
| 10-50
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone/electric
 +
| 10-150
 +
| 35
 
|----
 
|----
−
|| 20 a.|| 1|| 72
+
| Kaasutuskattila
−
|----
+
| 2-7
−
|| 100 a.|| 1|| 25
+
| Wood
 +
| syklone
 +
| 50-150
 +
| 5
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
 +
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden
 +
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä
 +
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten
 +
päästömittaustuloksiin.")
  
 +
{{attack|# |Using two languages is not suitable.
 +
|--[[User:Sami Rissanen|Sami Rissanen]] 11:37, 4 February 2013 (EET)}}
  
−
<u>Emission factors for PM</u>
 
  
−
Table 8.
+
Table 9.
−
Emission factors for small power plants in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
+
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]
−
</ref>
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
| Type of plant or kettle
+
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html]
−
| Fuel power (MW)
+
| Fire place
−
| Fuel
+
| Number of measurements
−
| PM separator
+
| Mean (mg/MJ)
−
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)
+
| Min (mg/MJ)
−
| Number of plants
+
| Max (mg/MJ)
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| Panospoltto
−
| &lt;5
+
| 32
−
| Heavy oil
+
| 76
−
| partly syklone
+
| 14.15
−
| 20-90
+
| 224.27
−
| 300
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| Varaava tulisija
−
| 5-15
+
| 22
−
| Heavy oil
+
| 80
−
| partly syklone
+
| 27.97
−
| 10-70
+
| 224.27
−
| 200
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| -Perinteinen
−
| 15-50
+
| 18
−
| Heavy oil
+
| 91
−
| partly syklone
+
| 30.75
−
| 5-40
+
| 224.27
−
| 100
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| -Moderni
−
| &lt;5
+
| 3
−
| Light oil
+
| 32
−
| -
+
| 27.97
−
| &lt;10
+
| 36.52
−
| 20
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| Kamiinat ja muut
−
| 5-15
+
| 5
−
| Light oil
+
| 54
−
| -
+
| 45.8
−
| &lt;10
+
| 74.2
−
| 20
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| Kiukaat
−
| 15-50
+
| 1
−
| Light oil
+
| 168
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| &lt;10
 
−
| 10
 
−
|----
 
−
| Diesel/kaasumoottori
 
−
| 20-40
 
−
| Heavy oil
 
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 30-60
 
−
| 2
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kerrosleijukattila
+
| Klapikattilat
−
| 5-10
+
| 4
−
| Wood
+
| 59
−
| electric
+
| 14.15
−
| 10-70
+
| 106.14
−
| 8
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kerrosleijukattila
+
| -Perinteinen
−
| 10-50
+
| 2
−
| Wood
+
| 102
−
| electric
+
| 98.59
−
| 5-30
+
| 106.14
−
| 10
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kiertoleijukattila
+
| -Moderni
−
| 20-40
+
| 2
−
| Wood
+
| 16
−
| electric
+
| 14.15
−
| 5-30
+
| 17.58
−
| 4
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Puuarinakattila
+
| Poltinpoltto
−
| &lt;5
+
| 49
−
| Wood
+
| 20
−
| syklone/electric
+
| 5.21
−
| 20-150
+
| 89.2
−
| 120
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Puuarinakattila
+
| Pellettipoltin
−
| 5-10
+
| 21
−
| Wood
+
| 21
−
| syklone/electric
+
| 5.21
−
| 20-150
+
| 89.2
−
| 50
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Puuarinakattila
+
| Stokeripoltin
−
| 10-50
+
| 5
−
| Wood
+
| 15
−
| syklone/electric
+
| 12.21
−
| 10-150
+
| 18.71
−
| 35
 
−
|----
 
−
| Kaasutuskattila
 
−
| 2-7
 
−
| Wood
 
−
| syklone
 
−
| 50-150
 
−
| 5
 
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
−
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden
 
−
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä
 
−
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten
 
−
päästömittaustuloksiin.")
 
  
−
{{attack|# |Using two languages is not suitable.
+
<u>Emission factors for greenhousegases</u>
−
|--[[User:Sami Rissanen|Sami Rissanen]] 11:37, 4 February 2013 (EET)}}
+
 
 +
 
 +
'''EFs by fuel based classification
  
 +
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin
 +
(kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf]
  
−
Table 9.
+
Table 10.
−
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html]
+
| kgCO2/MWh)
−
| Fire place
+
|----
−
| Number of measurements
+
| Puu
−
| Mean (mg/MJ)
+
| 18
−
| Min (mg/MJ)
 
−
| Max (mg/MJ)
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Panospoltto
+
| Kevyt polttoöljy
−
| 32
+
| 265
−
| 76
 
−
| 14.15
 
−
| 224.27
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Varaava tulisija
+
| Raskas polttoöljy
−
| 22
+
| 179
−
| 80
 
−
| 27.97
 
−
| 224.27
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| -Perinteinen
+
| Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto
−
| 18
+
| 231
−
| 91
 
−
| 30.75
 
−
| 224.27
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| -Moderni
+
| Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto
−
| 3
+
| 224
−
| 32
 
−
| 27.97
 
−
| 36.52
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kamiinat ja muut
+
| Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %)
−
| 5
+
| 226
−
| 54
 
−
| 45.8
 
−
| 74.2
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kiukaat
+
| Sähkö keskimäärin
−
| 1
+
| 204
−
| 168
 
−
|  -
 
−
|  -
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Klapikattilat
+
| Sähkön marginaalikulutus
−
| 4
+
| 714
−
| 59
 
−
| 14.15
 
−
| 106.14
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| -Perinteinen
+
| Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus
−
| 2
+
| 112
−
| 102
 
−
| 98.59
 
−
| 106.14
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| -Moderni
+
| Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus
−
| 2
+
| 459
−
| 16
 
−
| 14.15
 
−
| 17.58
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Poltinpoltto
+
| Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus
−
| 49
+
| 867
−
| 20
 
−
| 5.21
 
−
| 89.2
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Pellettipoltin
+
| Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo)
−
| 21
+
| 400
−
| 21
 
−
| 5.21
 
−
| 89.2
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Stokeripoltin
+
|}
−
| 5
+
 
−
| 15
 
−
| 12.21
 
−
| 18.71
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
  
−
<u>Emission factors for greenhousegases</u>
+
Table 11.
−
 
+
Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010.  <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found  [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].
−
 
 
−
'''EFs by fuel based classification
 
−
 
 
−
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin
 
−
(kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf]
 
−
 
 
−
Table 10.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
| kgCO2/MWh)
+
| Code Heading
 +
|
 +
| Fuel-specific unit
 +
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]
 +
|
 +
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]
 +
|
 +
| NB
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Puu
+
| 1
−
| 18
+
| Fossil fuels
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kevyt polttoöljy
+
| 11
−
| 265
+
| Petroleum products
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Raskas polttoöljy
+
| 111
−
| 179
+
| Petroleum gases
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto
+
| 1111
−
| 231
+
| Refinery gas
 +
| t
 +
| 54.2
 +
| *
 +
| 49.7
 +
| *
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto
+
| 1112
−
| 224
+
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)
 +
| t
 +
| 65.0
 +
|
 +
| 46.2
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %)
+
| 112
−
| 226
+
| Light distillates
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Sähkö keskimäärin
+
| 1121
−
| 204
+
| Naphtha
 +
| t
 +
| 72.7
 +
|
 +
| 44.3
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Sähkön marginaalikulutus
+
| 1122
−
| 714
+
| Motor gasoline
 +
| t
 +
| 72.9
 +
|
 +
| 43.0
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus
+
| 1123
−
| 112
+
| Aviation gasoline
 +
| t
 +
| 71.3
 +
|
 +
| 43.7
 +
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus
+
| 113
−
| 459
+
| Medium distillates
−
|----
 
−
| Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus
 
−
| 867
 
−
|----
 
−
| Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo)
 
−
| 400
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Table 11.
 
−
Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010.  <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found  [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
| Code Heading
 
−
|
 
−
| Fuel-specific unit
 
−
| CO<sub>2</sub> default emission factor [t/TJ]
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]
 
−
|
 
−
| NB
 
−
|----
 
−
| 1
 
−
| Fossil fuels
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 750: Line 825:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 11
+
| 1131
−
| Petroleum products
+
| Kerosene (jet fuel)
−
|  
+
| t
 +
| 73.2
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 43.3
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 1132
 +
| Other kerosenes
 +
| t
 +
| 71.5
 +
| *
 +
| 43.1
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 111
+
| 1133
−
| Petroleum gases
+
| Diesel oil
 +
| t
 +
| 73.6
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 42.8
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 1134
 +
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)
 +
| t
 +
| 74.1
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 42.7
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1111
+
| 1135
−
| Refinery gas
+
| Gasoil (for non-road use)
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 54.2
+
| 73.6
−
| *
 
−
| 49.7
 
 
| *
 
| *
 +
| 42.8
 +
|
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1112
+
| 1139
−
| LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)
+
| Other medium distillates
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 65.0
+
| 74.1
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 46.2
+
| 42.7
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 112
+
| 114
−
| Light distillates
+
| Heavy distillates
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 797: Line 889:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1121
+
| 1141
−
| Naphtha
+
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 72.7
+
| 78.8
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 44.3
+
| 41.1
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1122
+
| 1142
−
| Motor gasoline
+
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 72.9
+
| 78.8
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 43.0
+
| 40.5
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1123
+
| 1143
−
| Aviation gasoline
+
| Other heavy distillates
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 71.3
+
| 79.2
 +
| *
 +
| 40.2
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 43.7
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 113
+
| 115
−
| Medium distillates
+
| Petroleum coke
 +
| t
 +
| 97.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 33.5
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 116
 +
| Recycled and waste oils
 +
| t
 +
| 78.8
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 41.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1131
+
| 119
−
| Kerosene (jet fuel)
+
| Other petroleum products
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 73.2
+
| 78.8
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 43.3
+
| 30.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1132
+
| 12
−
| Other kerosenes
+
| Coal
−
| t
 
−
| 71.5
 
−
| *
 
−
| 43.1
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|----
 
−
| 1133
 
−
| Diesel oil
 
−
| t
 
−
| 73.6
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 42.8
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1134
+
| 121
−
| Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)
+
| Hard coal
−
| t
+
|  
−
| 74.1
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 42.7
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|
 +
| 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1135
+
| 1211
−
| Gasoil (for non-road use)
+
| Anthracite
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 73.6
+
| 98.3
 
| *
 
| *
−
| 42.8
+
| 33.5
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1139
+
| 1212
−
| Other medium distillates
+
| Hard coal, bituminous
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 74.1
+
| 94.6
−
|
 
−
| 42.7
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 24.6
 +
| *
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 114
+
| 122
−
| Heavy distillates
+
| Other coal
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1141
+
| 1221
−
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content &lt; 1%
+
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 78.8
+
| 108.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 41.1
+
| 20.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1142
+
| 1222
−
| Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%
+
| Coal briquettes
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 78.8
+
| 94.6
−
|  
+
| *
−
| 40.5
+
| 30.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1143
+
| 1228
−
| Other heavy distillates
+
| Coal tar
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 79.2
+
| 90.6
 
| *
 
| *
−
| 40.2
+
| 37.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 115
+
| 1229
−
| Petroleum coke
+
| Other non-specified coal
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 97.0
+
| 108.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 33.5
+
| 10.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 116
+
| 123
−
| Recycled and waste oils
+
| Coke
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 78.8
+
| 108.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 41.0
+
| 29.3
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 119
+
| 124
−
| Other petroleum products
+
| Coke oven gas
−
| t
+
| 1000 m3
−
| 78.8
+
| 41.5
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 30.0
+
| 16.7
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 12
+
| 125
−
| Coal
+
| Blast furnace gas
−
|  
+
| 1000 m3
 +
| 263.7
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 3.8
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 13
 +
| Natural gas
 
|  
 
|  
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| 121
 
−
| Hard coal
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 965: Line 1,059:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1211
+
| 131
−
| Anthracite
+
| Natural gas
−
| t
+
| 1000 m3
−
| 98.3
+
| 55.04
−
| *
+
|  
−
| 33.5
+
| 36.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1212
+
| 2
−
| Hard coal, bituminous
+
| Peat
−
| t
+
|  
−
| 94.6
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 24.6
 
−
| *
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|----
 
−
| 122
 
−
| Other coal
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|
+
|
 +
|----
 +
| 21
 +
| Peat
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1221
+
| 211
−
| Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite
+
| Milled peat
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 108.0
+
| 105.9
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 20.0
+
| 10.1
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1222
+
| 212
−
| Coal briquettes
+
| Sod peat
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 94.6
+
| 102.0
−
| *
+
|  
−
| 30.0
+
| 12.3
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1228
+
| 213
−
| Coal tar
+
| Peat pellets and briquettes
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 90.6
+
| 97.0
 +
|
 +
| 18.0
 
| *
 
| *
−
| 37.0
 
−
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 1229
+
| 3
−
| Other non-specified coal
+
| Renewable and mixed fuels
−
| t
 
−
| 108.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 10.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|----
 
−
| 123
 
−
| Coke
 
−
| t
 
−
| 108.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 29.3
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 124
+
| 31
−
| Coke oven gas
+
| Biomass
−
| 1000 m3
 
−
| 41.5
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 16.7
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|----
 
−
| 125
 
−
| Blast furnace gas
 
−
| 1000 m3
 
−
| 263.7
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 3.8
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 13
+
| 311
−
| Natural gas
+
| Forest fuelwood
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,066: Line 1,140:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 131
+
| 3111
−
| Natural gas
+
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)
−
| 1000 m3
+
| t
−
| 55.04
+
| 109,6
−
|
 
−
| 36.0
 
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 14.0
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 2
+
| 3112
−
| Peat
+
| Chips from roundwood
−
|
+
| t
−
|  
+
| 109,6
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 9.5
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 3113
 +
| Forest residue chips
 +
| t
 +
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 9.0
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 21
+
| 312
−
| Peat
+
| Industrial wood residue
−
|
 
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 211
+
| 3121
−
| Milled peat
+
| Bark
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 105.9
+
| 109,6
−
|
 
−
| 10.1
 
−
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 7.5
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 212
+
| 3122
−
| Sod peat
+
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 102.0
+
| 109,6
−
|
 
−
| 12.3
 
−
|
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 8.0
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 213
+
| 3123
−
| Peat pellets and briquettes
+
| Wood residue chips
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 97.0
+
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 18.0
+
| 9.5
 
| *
 
| *
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 3128
 +
| Unspecified industrial wood residue
 +
| t
 +
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 7.5
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3
+
| 3129
−
| Renewable and mixed fuels
+
| Other industrial wood residue
−
|  
+
| t
−
|  
+
| 109,6
−
|  
+
| *
−
|  
+
| 8.8
−
|  
+
| *
−
|  
+
|   BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 31
+
| 313
−
| Biomass
+
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors
−
|  
+
| tka
−
|  
+
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 11.5
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 314
 +
| Other by-products from wood processing
 +
| TJ
 +
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 311
+
| industry
−
| Forest fuelwood
+
|
 +
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,146: Line 1,248:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3111
+
| 315
−
| Firewood (stems and split firewood)
+
| Recovered wood
 
| t
 
| t
 
| 109,6
 
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 14.0
+
| 12.0
 
| *
 
| *
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3112
+
| 316
−
| Chips from roundwood
+
| Wood pellets and briquettes
 
| t
 
| t
 
| 109,6
 
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 9.5
+
| 16.0
−
| *
+
|  
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3113
+
| 317
−
| Forest residue chips
+
| Vegetable-based fuels
−
| t
 
−
| 109,6
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 9.0
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 312
 
−
| Industrial wood residue
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,180: Line 1,274:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|
 
|
−
|  BIO
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3121
+
| 3171
−
| Bark
+
| NEW!!Reed canary grass
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109,6
+
| 100.0
 +
|
 +
| 14.6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 7.5
 
−
| *
 
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3122
+
| 3172
−
| Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.
+
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts
 
| t
 
| t
 
| 109,6
 
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 8.0
+
| 13.5
−
| *
+
|  
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3123
+
| 3179
−
| Wood residue chips
+
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels
 
| t
 
| t
 
| 109,6
 
| 109,6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 9.5
+
| 15.0
−
| *
+
|  
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3128
+
| 318
−
| Unspecified industrial wood residue
+
| Animal-based fuels
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109,6
+
| 109.6
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 7.5
+
| 30.0
 
| *
 
| *
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3129
+
| 32
−
| Other industrial wood residue
+
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels
−
| t
+
|  
−
| 109,6
+
|  
−
| *
+
|  
−
| 8.8
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 313
 
−
| Black liquor and other concentrated liquors
 
−
| tka
 
−
| 109,6
 
−
|
 
−
| 11.5
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 314
 
−
| Other by-products from wood processing
 
−
| TJ
 
−
| 109,6
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  BIO
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| industry
+
| 321
−
|  
+
| Biogas
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,254: Line 1,329:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 315
+
| 3211
−
| Recovered wood
+
| Landfill gas
−
| t
+
| 1000 m3
−
| 109,6
+
| 56,1
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 12.0
+
| 17.0
 
| *
 
| *
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 316
+
| 3212
−
| Wood pellets and briquettes
+
| Biogas from wastewater treatment
−
| t
+
| 1000 m3
−
| 109,6
+
| 56.1
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 16.0
+
| 23.0
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 3213
 +
| Industrial biogas
 +
| 1000 m3
 +
| 56.1
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 20.0
 +
| *
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 317
+
| 3219
−
| Vegetable-based fuels
+
| Other biogas
 +
| 1000 m3
 +
| 56.1
 +
|
 +
| 20.0
 +
| *
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 322
 +
| Liquid biofuels
 +
| t
 +
| 77.4
 +
|
 +
| 30..40
 +
|
 +
|  BIO
 +
|----
 +
| 323
 +
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)
 +
|
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,279: Line 1,382:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3171
+
| 3231
−
| NEW!!Reed canary grass
+
| Recovered fuels
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 100.0
+
| 31.8
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 14.6
+
| 20.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  BIO
+
|  1)
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3172
+
| 3232
−
| NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts
+
| Demolition wood
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109,6
+
| 17.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 13.5
+
| 15.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  BIO
+
|  1)
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3179
+
| 3233
−
| NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels
+
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109,6
+
| 11.4
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 15.0
+
| 12.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  BIO
+
|  1)
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 318
+
| 3234
−
| Animal-based fuels
+
| NEW!! Deinking sludge
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109.6
+
| 60.0
 +
|
 +
| 4.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 30.0
+
|  1)
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 32
+
| 3238
−
| Other biofuels and mixed fuels
+
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)
−
|  
+
| t
 +
| 40.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 10.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|  1)
 +
|----
 +
| 3239
 +
| Other mixed fuels
 +
| t
 +
| 110.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 10.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 321
+
| 324
−
| Biogas
+
| Gasified waste (Product gas)
−
|
+
| 1000 m3
−
|  
+
| ..
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| ..
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|  2)
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3211
+
| 325
−
| Landfill gas
+
| NEW!!Biosludge
−
| 1000 m3
+
| t
−
| 56,1
+
| 109.6
 +
|
 +
| 2.5
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 17.0
 
−
| *
 
 
|  BIO
 
|  BIO
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3212
+
| 4
−
| Biogas from wastewater treatment
+
| Other energy sources
−
| 1000 m3
+
|  
−
| 56.1
+
|  
 +
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 23.0
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 3213
 
−
| Industrial biogas
 
−
| 1000 m3
 
−
| 56.1
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 20.0
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 3219
 
−
| Other biogas
 
−
| 1000 m3
 
−
| 56.1
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 20.0
 
−
| *
 
−
|  BIO
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 322
+
| 41
−
| Liquid biofuels
+
| Nuclear energy
−
| t
 
−
| 77.4
 
−
|
 
−
| 30..40
 
−
|
 
−
|  BIO
 
−
|----
 
−
| 323
 
−
| Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,389: Line 1,473:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3231
+
| 411
−
| Recovered fuels
+
| Nuclear energy
−
| t
+
| TJ
−
| 31.8
+
| –
 +
|  
 +
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 20.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  1)
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3232
+
| 49
−
| Demolition wood
+
| Others
−
| t
 
−
| 17.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 15.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  1)
 
−
|----
 
−
| 3233
 
−
| Impregnated wood (chemically treated)
 
−
| t
 
−
| 11.4
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 12.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  1)
 
−
|----
 
−
| 3234
 
−
|  NEW!! Deinking sludge
 
−
| t
 
−
| 60.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 4.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  1)
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3238
+
| 491
−
| NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)
+
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels
−
| t
+
|
−
| 40.0
+
|  
 +
|  
 +
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 10.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  1)
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 3239
+
| 4911
−
| Other mixed fuels
+
| Plastics waste
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 110.0
+
| 74.1
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 10.0
+
| 33.0
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 324
+
| 4912
−
| Gasified waste (Product gas)
+
| Rubber waste
−
| 1000 m3
+
| t
−
| ..
+
| 90.0
 +
|
 +
| 33.0
 
|  
 
|  
−
| ..
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  2)
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 325
+
| 4913
−
| NEW!!Biosludge
+
| Hazardous waste
 
| t
 
| t
−
| 109.6
+
| 117.0
 +
| *
 +
| 10.0
 +
| *
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 2.5
 
−
|
 
−
|  BIO
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 4
+
| 4919
−
| Other energy sources
+
| Other waste
 +
| t
 +
| 75.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 15.0
 +
| *
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 492
 +
| Exothermic heat from industry
 +
| TJ
 +
| –
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,470: Line 1,545:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 41
+
| 493
−
| Nuclear energy
+
| Secondary heat from industry
−
|  
+
| TJ
−
|  
+
| –
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,479: Line 1,554:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 411
+
| 494
−
| Nuclear energy
+
| Electricity
−
| TJ
+
| MWh
 
| –
 
| –
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,488: Line 1,563:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 49
+
| 495
−
| Others
+
| Steam
−
|  
+
| MWh
−
|  
+
| –
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,497: Line 1,572:
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 491
+
| 497
−
| Other by-products and wastes used as fuels
+
| NEW!!Sulphur
 +
| t
 +
| 0.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 10.5
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
|----
 +
| 498
 +
| Hydrogen
 +
| 1000 m3
 +
| 0.0
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| 10.8
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 4911
+
| 499
−
| Plastics waste
+
| Other non-specified energy sources
−
| t
+
| TJ
−
| 74.1
+
| ..
 
|  
 
|  
−
| 33.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| 4912
 
−
| Rubber waste
 
−
| t
 
−
| 90.0
 
−
|
 
−
| 33.0
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 4913
+
|}
−
| Hazardous waste
+
 
−
| t
+
NB
−
| 117.0
+
 
−
| *
+
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.
−
| 10.0
+
 
−
| *
+
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.
−
|
+
 
−
|----
+
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.
−
| 4919
+
 
−
| Other waste
+
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,
−
| t
+
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).
−
| 75.0
+
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).
−
|
+
 
−
| 15.0
+
Emission factors are updated when necessary.  
−
| *
+
 
−
|  
+
(* Revised values.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
 +
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!
 +
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2.
 +
 
 +
Table 12.
 +
Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
| Fuels
 +
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 492
+
| Heavy oil
−
| Exothermic heat from industry
+
| 279
−
| TJ
+
|----
−
| –
+
| Light oil
−
|  
+
| 267
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 493
+
| Gas
−
| Secondary heat from industry
+
| 202
−
| TJ
+
|----
−
| –
+
| Fluid gas
−
|  
+
| 227
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
−
|  
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 494
+
| Peat
−
| Electricity
+
| 382
−
| MWh
 
−
| –
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|  
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 495
+
| Coal
−
| Steam
+
| 341
−
| MWh
 
−
| –
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|  
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 497
+
| Coke
−
|  NEW!!Sulphur
+
| 389
−
| t
 
−
| 0.0
 
−
|
 
−
| 10.5
 
−
|
 
−
|  
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| 498
+
| Wood
−
| Hydrogen
+
| 0
−
| 1000 m3
 
−
| 0.0
 
−
|
 
−
| 10.8
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| 499
 
−
| Other non-specified energy sources
 
−
| TJ
 
−
| ..
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
NB
 
  
−
BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.
+
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).
  
−
1) CO<sub>2</sub> factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.
 
  
−
2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.
+
Table 13.
−
 
+
Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.
−
Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired,
 
−
inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter).
 
−
Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).
 
−
 
 
−
Emission factors are updated when necessary.
 
−
 
 
−
(* Revised values.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Emission factors for district heating is calculated in [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] CO<sub>2</sub> emission calculation introductions<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
 
−
For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH<sub>4</sub> or N<sub>2</sub>O) are not taken account as CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv!
 
−
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2.
 
−
 
 
−
Table 12.
 
−
Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
−
| Fuels
+
|
−
| kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh
+
| Ordinary combustion
−
|----
+
| Distribution (%)
−
| Heavy oil
+
| Bad combustion
−
| 279
+
| Distribution (%)
 +
| Unit
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Light oil
+
| Temperature of gas
−
| 267
+
| 253
 +
| 1
 +
| 159
 +
| 17
 +
| Celsius
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Gas
+
| CO2 (kk)
−
| 202
+
| 7.3
 +
| 5
 +
| 11
 +
| 8
 +
| %, dry
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Fluid gas
+
| O2 (kk)
−
| 227
+
| 13.3
 +
| 3
 +
| 8.7
 +
| 14
 +
| %, dry
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Peat
+
| H2O (FTIR)
−
| 382
+
| 6.5
 +
| 4
 +
| 7.7
 +
|  -
 +
| %, wet
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Coal
+
| CO (kk)
−
| 341
+
| 2300
 +
| 10
 +
| 8100
 +
| 29
 +
| mg/MJ
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Coke
+
| CO (FTIR)
−
| 389
+
| 2000
−
|----
+
| 11
−
| Wood
+
| 5700
−
| 0
+
|  -
 +
| mg/MJ
 +
|----
 +
| OGC (kk)
 +
| 120
 +
| 17
 +
| 1700
 +
| 46
 +
| mg C/MJ
 +
|----
 +
| OGC (FTIR)
 +
| 160
 +
| 24
 +
| 1500
 +
|  -
 +
| mg C/MJ
 +
|----
 +
| CH4 (FTIR)
 +
| 30
 +
| 22
 +
| 350
 +
|  -
 +
| mg C/MJ
 +
|----
 +
| C6H6 (FTIR)
 +
| 20
 +
| 27
 +
| 210
 +
|  -
 +
| mg C/MJ
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
−
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).
+
Table 14 and 15 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.
  
−
 
+
Table 14.  
−
Table 13.
+
CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)
−
Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
|
 
|
−
| Ordinary combustion
+
| '''Gross of building level
−
| Distribution (%)
+
| '''Dispersion
−
| Bad combustion
+
| '''Efficiency
−
| Distribution (%)
+
| '''Efficienfy energy level
−
| Unit
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| Temperature of gas
+
| Light oil
−
| 253
+
| 267
−
| 1
+
| -
−
| 159
+
| 0.85
−
| 17
+
| 314
−
| Celsius
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| CO2 (kk)
+
| Heavy oil
−
| 7.3
+
| 279
−
| 5
+
| -
−
| 11
+
| 0.85
−
| 8
+
| 328
−
| %, dry
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| O2 (kk)
+
| Wood
−
| 13.3
+
| -
−
| 3
+
| -
−
| 8.7
+
| -  
−
| 14
 
−
| %, dry
 
−
|----
 
−
| H2O (FTIR)
 
−
| 6.5
 
−
| 4
 
−
| 7.7
 
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| %, wet
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| CO (kk)
+
| '''District heating
−
| 2300
+
|  
−
| 10
+
|  
−
| 8100
+
|  
−
| 29
+
|  
−
| mg/MJ
 
 
|----
 
|----
−
| CO (FTIR)
+
| Separate production
−
| 2000
+
| 226
−
| 11
+
| 20-500
−
| 5700
 
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| mg/MJ
+
| 226
 
|----
 
|----
−
| OGC (kk)
+
| Co-production
−
| 120
+
| 220
−
| 17
+
| dispersion
−
| 1700
 
−
| 46
 
−
| mg C/MJ
 
−
|----
 
−
| OGC (FTIR)
 
−
| 160
 
−
| 24
 
−
| 1500
 
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| mg C/MJ
+
| 220
 
|----
 
|----
−
| CH4 (FTIR)
+
| '''Electricity production
−
| 30
+
|  
−
| 22
+
|  
−
| 350
+
|  
 +
|
 +
|----
 +
| Average
 +
| 200
 +
|  -
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| mg C/MJ
+
| 200
 
|----
 
|----
−
| C6H6 (FTIR)
+
| Marginal
−
| 20
+
| 700
−
| 27
+
| 700-900
−
| 210
 
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| mg C/MJ
+
| 700
 
|----
 
|----
−
|}
+
| '''or
−
 
+
| 
−
 
+
| 
−
Table 14 and 15 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.
+
| 
 +
| 
 +
|----
 +
| Basic capacity
 +
| 110
 +
|  -
 +
|  -
 +
| 110
 +
|----
 +
| Interval capacity
 +
| 450
 +
|  -
 +
|  -
 +
| 450
 +
|----
 +
| Peak capacity
 +
| 850
 +
|  -
 +
|  -
 +
| 850
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
  
−
Table 14.  
+
Table 15.  
−
CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)
+
CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
|
 
|
Line 1,772: Line 1,856:
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Wood
 
| Wood
 +
| 18
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| -
+
| 0.6
−
| -
+
| 30
−
|  -
 
 
|----
 
|----
 
| '''District heating
 
| '''District heating
Line 1,784: Line 1,868:
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Separate production
 
| Separate production
−
| 226
+
| 231
 
| 20-500
 
| 20-500
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 226
+
| 231
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Co-production
 
| Co-production
−
| 220
+
| 224
 
| dispersion
 
| dispersion
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 220
+
| 224
 
|----
 
|----
 
| '''Electricity production
 
| '''Electricity production
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Average
 
| Average
−
| 200
+
| 204
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 200
+
| 204
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Marginal
 
| Marginal
−
| 700
+
| 714
 
| 700-900
 
| 700-900
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 700
+
| 714
 
|----
 
|----
 
| '''or
 
| '''or
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
−
|  
+
|  
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Basic capacity
 
| Basic capacity
−
| 110
+
| 112
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 110
+
| 112
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Interval capacity
 
| Interval capacity
−
| 450
+
| 459
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 450
+
| 459
 
|----
 
|----
 
| Peak capacity
 
| Peak capacity
−
| 850
+
| 867
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
 
|  -  
−
| 850
+
| 867
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
|}
  
−
Table 15.
 
−
CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
|
 
−
| '''Gross of building level
 
−
| '''Dispersion
 
−
| '''Efficiency
 
−
| '''Efficienfy energy level
 
−
|----
 
−
| Light oil
 
−
| 267
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 0.85
 
−
| 314
 
−
|----
 
−
| Heavy oil
 
−
| 279
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 0.85
 
−
| 328
 
−
|----
 
−
| Wood
 
−
| 18
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 0.6
 
−
| 30
 
−
|----
 
−
| '''District heating
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
|----
 
−
| Separate production
 
−
| 231
 
−
| 20-500
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 231
 
−
|----
 
−
| Co-production
 
−
| 224
 
−
| dispersion
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 224
 
−
|----
 
−
| '''Electricity production
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
| 
 
−
|----
 
−
| Average
 
−
| 204
 
−
|  -
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 204
 
−
|----
 
−
| Marginal
 
−
| 714
 
−
| 700-900
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 714
 
−
|----
 
−
| '''or
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|----
 
−
| Basic capacity
 
−
| 112
 
−
|  -
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 112
 
−
|----
 
−
| Interval capacity
 
−
| 459
 
−
|  -
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 459
 
−
|----
 
−
| Peak capacity
 
−
| 867
 
−
|  -
 
−
|  -
 
−
| 867
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
−
}}
 
 
=== Dependencies ===
 
=== Dependencies ===
  
Line 1,938: Line 1,934:
  
 
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ
 
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ
−
 
−
====Other codes====
 
−
 
−
{{attack|# |Rcode must be updated. Should this be a method instead?|--[[User:Jouni|Jouni]] 22:05, 26 February 2013 (EET)}}
 
−
 
−
<rcode>
 
−
library(OpasnetUtils)
 
−
library(xtable)
 
−
 
−
data <- tidy(op_baseGetData("opasnet_base", "Op_en2791"), objname = "emission.factor")
 
−
 
−
emission.factor <- new("ovariable",
 
−
name = "emission.factor",
 
−
data = data)
 
−
 
−
print(xtable(emission.factor@data), type = 'html')
 
−
 
−
objects.put(emission.factor)
 
−
cat("Ovariable initiated. Save the page key for further use.\n")
 
−
</rcode>
 
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
  
 +
* SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS
 +
HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/faar/reportseries/rs-156.pdf]
 
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]
 
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]
 
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]
 
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]
Line 1,976: Line 1,954:
  
  
 +
{{attack|# |Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)}}
 
{{Urgenche}}
 
{{Urgenche}}
  
Line 1,985: Line 1,964:
  
 
== Related files ==
 
== Related files ==
−
 
+
</noinclude>
−
{{mfiles}}
 

Latest revision as of 12:50, 9 November 2015


Question

What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.

Answer

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Example of the use of emission factors: CO2 and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on Helsinki energy decision 2015.

An example code for downloading and using the variable.

+ Show code

Rationale

Inputs and calculations

Variables needed for calculating emissions.
Dependencies Measure Indices Missing data
fuelUse (from Energy balance or other relevant source) Amount of fuel used per timepoint. Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant
emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. Helsinki energy production) Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack. Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant
emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. Emission factors for burning processes ## emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit) Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices: Burner.

+ Show code

Emission factors for heating

Emission factors of energy production(mg /MJ)
ObsBurnerFuelPM2.5CO2directCO2tradeCO2eqDescription
1HouseholdWood140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
2HouseholdBiofuel140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
3HouseholdLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
4HouseholdOil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
5HouseholdOther sources0-10742007420074200Same as oil.
6HouseholdCoal0-1074200-872227420087222
7HouseholdGeothermal0-1074200-872227420087222
8HouseholdGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
9HouseholdFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
10DomesticWood140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners.
11DomesticBiofuel140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
12DomesticLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
13DomesticOil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
14DomesticOther sources0-10742007420074200Same as oil.
15DomesticCoal0-1074200-872227420087222
16DomesticGeothermal0-1074200-872227420087222
17DomesticGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
18DomesticFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
19Diesel engineFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
20Diesel engineLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222
21Diesel engineBiofuel0-1074200-872227420087222
22Large fluidized bedGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
23Large fluidized bedCoal2-20106000106000106000Same as peat.
24Large fluidized bedWood2-2074200074200Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
25Large fluidized bedBiofuel2-2074200074200Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
26Large fluidized bedWaste2-20742000-50000CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill
27Large fluidized bedPeat2-20106000106000107500Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
28Large fluidized bedHeavy oil8-2291111-10600010600091111Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
29Large fluidized bedFuel oil8-2291111-10600010600091111Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
30GridElectricity1-10530002120005300050 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
31NoneElectricity_taxed1-10530002120005300050 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid.
32NoneElectricity0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
33NoneHeat0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
34NoneCooling0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
  • Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO2-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology[1]
  • Other CO2-eq values from EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
  • Classes of climate emissions:
    CO2direct
    Direct CO2 emissions from the stack
    CO2trade
    CO2 emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.
    CO2eq
    CO2 emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N2O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.

In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. [2]

See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.D↷

+ Show code


Other data

This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.

Dependencies

  • Plant/kettle type
  • Power output
  • Efficiency

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

See also

  • SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS

HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [5]


⇤# : Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist. --Heta (talk) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
 Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
 Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References

  1. ↑ Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2
  2. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 ⇤# : Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be. --~~~~
  3. ↑ Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [1]
  4. ↑ http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf
  5. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
  6. ↑ [2]
  7. ↑ http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf
  8. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  9. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  10. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  11. ↑ http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf
  12. ↑ http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf

Related files

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