Difference between revisions of "Emission factors for burning processes"

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{{variable|moderator=Pauliina}}
+
<noinclude>{{method|moderator=Pauliina}}
−
[[Category: BIOHER]]
+
[[Category:BIOHER]]
 +
[[Category:Emission factors]]
 +
[[Category:Energy]]
 +
[[Category:Emission]]
 +
[[Category:Contains R code]]
 +
</noinclude>
  
−
== Scope ==
+
== Question ==
  
−
What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland?
+
What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.
−
{{disclink|EF for burning processes or EF by fuel types}}
 
  
−
== Definition  ==
+
== Answer ==
  
−
Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level
+
[[File:Emissions from heating in Helsinki.png|thumb|centre|600px|Example of the use of emission factors: CO<sub>2</sub> and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on [[Helsinki energy decision 2015]].]]
  
−
See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}
+
An example code for downloading and using the variable.
  
−
=== Data  ===
+
<rcode embed=1>
−
====Emission factors for PM<sub>2.5</sub>====
+
## This code is Op_en2719/ on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
  
−
See table 3 and PM<sub>1</sub>.
+
library(OpasnetUtils)
 +
library(ggplot2)
 +
 
 +
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionstest")
 +
objects.latest("Op_en2791", code_name = "emissionFactors")
 +
 
 +
oprint(summary(EvalOutput(emissionFactors)))
 +
 
 +
</rcode>
 +
 
 +
== Rationale ==
 +
 
 +
=== Inputs and calculations ===
  
−
Table 5. Average emission factors for fine particultae matter<ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+'''Variables needed for calculating emissions.
 +
! Dependencies || Measure || Indices || Missing data
 +
|----
 +
| fuelUse (from [[Energy balance]] or other relevant source)
 +
| Amount of fuel used per timepoint.
 +
| Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant
 +
|
 +
|----
 +
| emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. [[Helsinki energy production]])
 +
| Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack.
 +
| Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant
 +
|
 +
|----
 +
| emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. [[Emission factors for burning processes]] ##
 +
| emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit)
 +
| Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices:  Burner.
 +
|
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 +
<rcode name='emissionstest' label='Initiate emissions (only for developers)' embed=1 store=1>
 +
###This code is Op_en2791/emissionstest on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
 +
 +
library(OpasnetUtils)
 +
 +
####### Calculate emissions
 +
 +
emissions <- Ovariable("emissions",
 +
dependencies = data.frame(
 +
Name = c(
 +
"fuelUse", # Use of fuels (in MJ)
 +
"emissionFactors", # Emissions of different pollutants per energy (mg /MJ)
 +
"emissionLocations" # Locations where the emissions are emitted, indexed by City_area or Plant
 +
),
 +
Ident = c(
 +
NA, # typically from [[Energy balance]] but there are other ways to calculate
 +
"Op_en2791/emissionFactors", # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
 +
NA # Case-specific data on locations of emissions.
 +
)
 +
),
 +
formula = function(...) {
 +
 +
# convert from mg to ton emitted.
 +
out <- fuelUse * emissionFactors * 1E-9
 +
 +
if(!"City_area" %in% colnames(out@output)) {
 +
out <- out * Ovariable(
 +
output = data.frame(City_area = "Not known", Result = 1),
 +
marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE)
 +
)
 +
}
 +
out <- unkeep(out * emissionLocations, sources = TRUE, prevresults = TRUE)
 +
 +
out@output$Emission_site <- as.factor(ifelse(
 +
out@output$Emission_site == "At site of consumption",
 +
as.character(out@output$City_area),
 +
as.character(out@output$Emission_site)
 +
))
 +
 +
out <- oapply(
 +
out,
 +
cols = c("Burner", "City_area"),
 +
FUN = sum
 +
)
 +
return(out)
 +
}
 +
)
 +
 +
objects.store(emissions)
 +
cat("Ovariable emissions stored.\n")
 +
 +
</rcode>
 +
 +
===Emission factors for heating===
 +
 +
<t2b name='Emission factors of energy production' index='Burner,Fuel,Pollutant' locations='PM2.5,CO2direct,CO2trade,CO2eq' desc='Description' unit='mg /MJ'>
 +
Household|Wood|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Household|Biofuel|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Household|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Household|Oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Household|Other sources|0-10|74200|74200|74200|Same as oil.
 +
Household|Coal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Household|Geothermal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Household|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Household|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Wood|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners.
 +
Domestic|Biofuel|140 (65.8-263)|74200|0|8333|Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Domestic|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Domestic|Other sources|0-10|74200|74200|74200|Same as oil.
 +
Domestic|Coal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Domestic|Geothermal|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Domestic|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Domestic|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Diesel engine|Fuel oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
 +
Diesel engine|Light oil|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Diesel engine|Biofuel|0-10|74200-87222|74200|87222|
 +
Large fluidized bed|Gas|0-3|55650|55650|55650|For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
 +
Large fluidized bed|Coal|2-20|106000|106000|106000|Same as peat.
 +
Large fluidized bed|Wood|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
 +
Large fluidized bed|Biofuel|2-20|74200|0|74200|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
 +
Large fluidized bed|Waste|2-20|74200|0|-50000|CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill
 +
Large fluidized bed|Peat|2-20|106000|106000|107500|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Large fluidized bed|Heavy oil|8-22|91111-106000|106000|91111|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Large fluidized bed|Fuel oil|8-22|91111-106000|106000|91111|Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
 +
Grid|Electricity|1-10|53000|212000|53000|50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
 +
None|Electricity_taxed|1-10|53000|212000|53000|50 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid.
 +
None|Electricity|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
None|Heat|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
None|Cooling|0|0|0|0|We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
 +
</t2b>
 +
 +
*Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO<sub>2</sub>-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology<ref name="SVäisänen">Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2</ref>
 +
*Other CO<sub>2</sub>-eq values from [http://www.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf EKOREM]: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
 +
* Classes of climate emissions:
 +
*; CO2direct: Direct CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the stack
 +
*; CO2trade: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.
 +
*; CO2eq: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N<sub>2</sub>O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.
 +
 +
In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. <ref> http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 {{attack|# |Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be.|--~~~~}}</ref>
 +
 +
:''See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.{{disclink|Discussions of emission factors}}
 +
 +
<rcode name='emissionFactors' embed=1 label='Initiate emissionFactors (only for developers)'>
 +
 +
# This is code Op_en2791/emissionFactors on page [[Emission factors for burning processes]].
 +
library(OpasnetUtils)
 +
 +
emissionFactors <- Ovariable(
 +
name = 'emissionFactors',
 +
ddata = 'Op_en2791', # [[Emission factors for burning processes]]
 +
subset = 'Emission factors of energy production'
 +
)
 +
 +
objects.store(emissionFactors)
 +
cat("Objects emissionFactors initiated!\n")
 +
 +
</rcode>
 +
<noinclude>
 +
 +
===Other data===
 +
 +
This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 +
! Show details
 +
|----
 
|
 
|
−
| Ordinary combustion
+
 
−
| Distribution (%)
+
These data are used in [[Urgenche]].
−
| Bad combustion
+
 
−
| Distribution (%)
+
<t2b name='Emission factors for wood heating' index="Type,Observation" locations="Activity in Finland,PM2.5 emission factor" desc="Description" unit="PJ /a; mg /MJ">
−
| Unit
+
Residential buildings|34.2 (30.8-37.6)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Primary wood-heated residential buildings|20.2 (16.6-23.9)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Manual feed boilers with accumulator tank|5.42 (3.89-7.22)|80.0 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Manual feed boilers without accumulator tank|2.67 (1.67-3.87)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Automatic feed wood chip boilers|1.46 (1.01-2)|50.0 (23.5-93.9)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Automatic feed pellet boilers|0.102 (0.0693-0.142)|30.0 (14.1-56.3)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Iron stoves|0.142 (0.0976-0.196)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Other stoves and ovens|10.2 (7.86-12.8)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Low-emission stoves|0|80 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Open fireplaces|0.163 (0.111-0.224)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Supplementary wood-heated residential buildings|14.0 (10.7-17.4)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Iron stoves|0.212 (0.135-0.316)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Other stoves and ovens|13.6 (10.4-16.9)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Low-emission stoves|0|80 (37.6-150)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Open fireplaces|0.222 (0.14-0.332)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Recreational buildings|5.00 (4.50-5.50)||Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Iron stoves|0.782 (0.372-1.37)|700 (329-1310)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Other stoves and ovens|3.96 (3.19-4.59)|140 (65.8-263)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
Open fireplaces|0.262 (0.118-0.477)|800 (376-1500)|Karvosenoja et al. 2008
 +
</t2b>
 +
 
 +
Karvosenoja et al. 2008 <ref>Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235763046_Evaluation_of_the_emissions_and_uncertainties_of_PM2.5_originated_from_vehicular_traffic_and_domestic_wood_combustion_in_Finland]</ref>
 +
 
 +
'''Table 1. Describing emission types in different kind of plants and kettles with different fuels and fuel power.
 +
 
 +
<t2b index="Type of plant or kettle,Fuel power (MW),Fuel,Emission type,PM separator,Observation" locations="Unit,Result,Description" unit="kg /MWh or mg /MJ
 +
">
 +
-|-|Heavy oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|279|-
 +
Poltinpoltto|<5|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|20-90|Number of plants: 300
 +
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|10-70|200
 +
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Heavy oil|PM|partly syklone|mg /MJ|5-40|100
 +
-|>50|Heavy oil|TSP|-|mg /MJ|15 (5-30)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
 +
-|>50|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|5 (1.5-9)|Savolahti M., Personal communication
 +
-|-|Light oil|CO2|-|kg /MWh|267|-
 +
Poltinpoltto|<5|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
 +
Poltinpoltto|5-15|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|20
 +
Poltinpoltto|15-50|Light oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|0-10|10
 +
Diesel/kaasumoottori|20-40|Heavy oil|PM|-|mg /MJ|30-60|2
 +
-|-|Wood|CO2|-|kg /MWh|0|-
 +
Kerrosleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|10-70|8
 +
Kerrosleijukattila|10-50|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|10
 +
Kiertoleijukattila|5-10|Wood|PM|electric|mg /MJ|5-30|4
 +
Puuarinakattila|<5|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|120
 +
Puuarinakattila|5-10|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|20-150|50
 +
Puuarinakattila|10-50|Wood|PM|syklone/electric|mg /MJ|10-150|35
 +
Kaasutuskattila|2-7|Wood|PM|syklone|mg /MJ|50-150|5
 +
Leijupoltto|20-100|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005
 +
Leijupoltto|20-100|Biomass|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|Reference: VTT 2005;wood > biomass
 +
Leijupoltto|100-300|Wood|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|1-15|VTT 2005
 +
-|-|Peat|CO2|-|kg /MWh|382|-
 +
Leijupoltto|5-20|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|5-25|VTT 2005
 +
Leijupoltto|20-100|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|4-23|VTT 2005
 +
Leijupoltto|100-300|Peat|PM2.5|(multisyklone+) electric|mg /MJ|2-20|VTT 2005
 +
Leijupoltto|300-500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2-15|VTT 2005
 +
Leijupoltto|>500|Peat|PM2.5|electric|mg /MJ|2|VTT 2005
 +
|5-20|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|4-38|VTT 2005
 +
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-53|VTT 2005
 +
|20-100|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|5-24|VTT 2005
 +
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|-|mg /MJ|8-22|VTT 2005
 +
|100-300|Heavy oil|PM2.5|cyclone/multicyclone|mg /MJ|4-13|VTT 2005
 +
</t2b>
 +
 
 +
VTT 2005 <ref>http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf</ref>
 +
 
 +
Emission factors vary greatly depending on kettle or plant type, fuel type and fuel power. Type of emission and
 +
possible PM separator also affect to EF number.
 +
 
 +
Data been used in this page is from many different study and sources to get wide data base for EF caculations.
 +
 
 +
<u>Emission factors from Matti's conceptual model</u>
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[:File:UrgencheConceptualModel.xlsx]].
 +
 
 +
Table 2.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Emission factors (t/TJt)
 +
|----
 +
! || ||CO2 (+CO)|| CH4|| BC|| Fine PM|| SO2|| NO
 +
|----
 +
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Coal|| 101|| 0.001|| 0.02|| 5|| 0.7|| 0.3
 +
|----
 +
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Oil (residual)|| 82|| 0.003|| 0.02|| 0.01|| 0.5|| 0.1
 +
|----
 +
|| Power plant/industry scale|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.001|| 0.005|| 0|| 0|| 0.06
 +
|----
 +
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Biomass (ww+agr)|| 130|| 0.025|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
 +
|----
 +
|| Power plant/industry scale|| Municipal waste|| 100|| 0.029|| 0.05|| 1|| 0|| 0.2
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Coal|| 103|| 0.301|| 14|| 8|| 1|| 0.1
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Oil (distillate)|| 78|| 0.010|| 0.2|| 0|| 0.5|| 0.04
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| NatGas|| 59|| 0.005|| 0.01|| 0|| 0|| 0.02
 +
|----
 +
|| Local heating|| Biomass (wood)|| 148|| 0.253|| 10|| 1|| 0|| 0.7
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Petrol|| 67|| 0.001|| || 0.01|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Diesel|| 69|| 0.001|| || 0.028|| EURO-III (CRT traps)||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| LNG|| 70|| 0.001|| || 0.007|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Transport|| Liq biofuel|| 64|| 0.010|| || 0.03|| ||
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 3.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Energy contents
 +
|----
 +
|| C2H5OH|| 29.700|| MJ/kg
 +
|----
 +
|| C2|| 24.000|| molecular weight
 +
|----
 +
|| H6|| 6.000|| molecular weight
 +
|----
 +
|| O|| 16.000|| molecular weight
 +
|----
 +
|| Petrol || 43 || MJ/kg
 +
|----
 +
|| Diesel|| 45|| MJ/kg
 +
|----
 +
|| Liquefied natural gas (LNG) || 56|| MJ/kg
 +
|---
 +
|| Gas || 49,00 || MJ/kg
 +
|---
 +
|| Solid biofuel || 7,00 || MJ/kg
 +
|---
 +
|| Liquid biofuel || 29,00 || MJ/kg
 +
|---
 +
|| Coal || 25,60 || MJ/kg
 +
|---
 +
|| Crude oil || 43,0 || MJ/kg
 +
|----
 +
|| 1 kg ethanol = || 0.522|| kg C
 +
|----
 +
|| produces|| 1.913|| kg CO2
 +
|----
 +
|| 1MJ ethanol produces || 0.064|| kg CO2
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 4.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Sulphur contents
 +
|----
 +
! ||%
 +
|----
 +
|| Coal S|| 1
 +
|----
 +
|| Residual oil S|| 2.5
 +
|----
 +
|| Distillate oil S|| 0.5
 +
|----
 +
|| Diesel S|| 0.1
 +
|----
 +
|| Petrol S|| 0.05
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table x
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Fuel ash and sulfur contents of fuels (%)
 +
! Fuel !! Ash !! Sulfur
 +
|---
 +
| Coal and peat || 11,0 || 1,1
 +
|---
 +
| Crude oil || 0,4 || 2,5
 +
|---
 +
| Petrochem products || 0,04 || 1,5
 +
|---
 +
| Biofuel and waste || 0,5 || -
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 5.
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Removal rates (%)
 +
|----
 +
! !! Coal and peat !! Petrochem products !! Biofuel and waste
 +
|----
 +
|| Power generation fly ash removal || 99,5 || 90,0 || 99,0
 +
|----
 +
|| Heat/power fly ash removal|| 99,5 || 90,0 || 95,0
 +
|----
 +
|| District heating fly ash removal|| 95 || 90 || 90
 +
|----
 +
|| Power generation SO2 removal|| 45 || 45 ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Heat/power SO2 removal|| 0 || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| District heating SO2 removal|| 0  || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Power generation NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Heat/power NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| District heating NOx removal|| 0 || ||
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table X
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion (MtCO<sub>2</sub>/Mtoe)
 +
!Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Oil !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
 +
|---
 +
| 3,86 || 3,13 || 3,13 || 2,27 || 4,79
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table X
 +
 
 +
This data comes from [[File:Energy supply in Europe.xls]].
 +
 
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''EC+OC emission factor (t/Mtoe)
 +
! Type of plant !! Coal & peat !! Crude oil !! Petrochem products !! Gas !! Biofuels & waste
 +
|---
 +
|Electricity plants || 260 || || 300 || 170 || 300
 +
|---
 +
| CHP Plants || 610 || || 400 || 240 || 800
 +
|---
 +
| Heat plants || 1000|| || 600 || 400 || 3000
 +
|---
 +
| Blast furnaces || 3000 || || || ||
 +
|---
 +
| Gas works || 3000 || 1000 || || 100 ||
 +
|---
 +
| Oil refineries || || 400 || 200 || 100 ||
 +
|---
 +
| Petrochemical plants || 1000 || 300 || || ||
 +
|---
 +
| Coke/pat. fuel/BKB plants || 600 || || || ||
 +
|---
 +
| Liquefication plants || 600 || || || ||
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 6.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Energy efficiencies
 +
|----
 +
! Fuel|| Power only|| CHP Power|| CHP Heat|| Heat only
 +
|----
 +
|| Nuclear|| 0.37|| 0.32|| 0.50|| 1.00
 +
|----
 +
|| Hydro|| || || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Wind, solar, geothermal|| || || ||
 +
|----
 +
|| Coal/peat|| 0.45|| 0.35|| 0.55|| 0.90
 +
|----
 +
|| Crude oil|| 0.50|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
 +
|----
 +
|| Natural gas|| 0.53|| 0.40|| 0.50|| 0.90
 +
|----
 +
|| Biomass|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
 +
|----
 +
|| Municipal waste|| 0.40|| 0.33|| 0.55|| 0.90
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Table 7.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+ '''Relative GHG potency
 +
|----
 +
! Time|| CO2|| CH4
 +
|----
 +
|| 20 a.|| 1|| 72
 +
|----
 +
|| 100 a.|| 1|| 25
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<u>Emission factors for PM</u>
 +
 
 +
Table 8.
 +
Emission factors for small power plants in Finland.<ref>http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
 +
</ref>
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
| Type of plant or kettle
 +
| Fuel power (MW)
 +
| Fuel
 +
| PM separator
 +
| Emission factor (mg/MJ)
 +
| Number of plants
 +
|----
 +
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| &lt;5
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
| partly syklone
 +
| 20-90
 +
| 300
 +
|----
 +
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 5-15
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
| partly syklone
 +
| 10-70
 +
| 200
 
|----
 
|----
−
| PM1
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 15-50
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
| partly syklone
 +
| 5-40
 
| 100
 
| 100
−
| 27
+
|----
−
| 600
+
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| &lt;5
 +
| Light oil
 +
|  -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 20
 +
|----
 +
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 5-15
 +
| Light oil
 +
|  -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 20
 +
|----
 +
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 15-50
 +
| Light oil
 +
|  -
 +
| &lt;10
 +
| 10
 +
|----
 +
| Diesel/kaasumoottori
 +
| 20-40
 +
| Heavy oil
 +
|  -
 +
| 30-60
 +
| 2
 +
|----
 +
| Kerrosleijukattila
 +
| 5-10
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 10-70
 +
| 8
 +
|----
 +
| Kerrosleijukattila
 +
| 10-50
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 5-30
 +
| 10
 +
|----
 +
| Kiertoleijukattila
 +
| 20-40
 +
| Wood
 +
| electric
 +
| 5-30
 +
| 4
 +
|----
 +
| Puuarinakattila
 +
| &lt;5
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone/electric
 +
| 20-150
 +
| 120
 +
|----
 +
| Puuarinakattila
 +
| 5-10
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone/electric
 +
| 20-150
 +
| 50
 +
|----
 +
| Puuarinakattila
 +
| 10-50
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone/electric
 +
| 10-150
 
| 35
 
| 35
−
| mg/MJ
+
|----
 +
| Kaasutuskattila
 +
| 2-7
 +
| Wood
 +
| syklone
 +
| 50-150
 +
| 5
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
 +
("Taulukoissa esitetyt ominaispäästökertoimet edustavat vaihteluväliä, joiden
 +
sisällä suurin osa yksittäisten laitosten arvoista on. Vaihteluvälit perustuvat käytettävissä
 +
olevien laitostietokantojen arvoihin (VAHTI-tiedot) ja pienten polttolaitosten
 +
päästömittaustuloksiin.")
  
−
Table 6. PM2.5 emission factors of domestic wood combustion in Finland (Piltti report<ref>http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/821ba678-1430-4016-bfc8-77a40c49eb1f</ref>).
+
{{attack|# |Using two languages is not suitable.
 +
|--[[User:Sami Rissanen|Sami Rissanen]] 11:37, 4 February 2013 (EET)}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Table 9.
 +
Emission factors for wood burning in small scale heating (e.g. secondary heating at houses) can be found from [http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html PUPO emission and toxicity database]
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
|+'''Table. Emissions of wood burning in different fireplaces.[http://wanda.uef.fi/pupo/index.html]
 +
| Fire place
 +
| Number of measurements
 +
| Mean (mg/MJ)
 +
| Min (mg/MJ)
 +
| Max (mg/MJ)
 +
|----
 +
| Panospoltto
 +
| 32
 +
| 76
 +
| 14.15
 +
| 224.27
 +
|----
 +
| Varaava tulisija
 +
| 22
 +
| 80
 +
| 27.97
 +
| 224.27
 +
|----
 +
| -Perinteinen
 +
| 18
 +
| 91
 +
| 30.75
 +
| 224.27
 +
|----
 +
| -Moderni
 +
| 3
 +
| 32
 +
| 27.97
 +
| 36.52
 +
|----
 +
| Kamiinat ja muut
 +
| 5
 +
| 54
 +
| 45.8
 +
| 74.2
 +
|----
 +
| Kiukaat
 +
| 1
 +
| 168
 +
|  -
 +
|  -
 +
|----
 +
| Klapikattilat
 +
| 4
 +
| 59
 +
| 14.15
 +
| 106.14
 +
|----
 +
| -Perinteinen
 +
| 2
 +
| 102
 +
| 98.59
 +
| 106.14
 +
|----
 +
| -Moderni
 +
| 2
 +
| 16
 +
| 14.15
 +
| 17.58
 +
|----
 +
| Poltinpoltto
 +
| 49
 +
| 20
 +
| 5.21
 +
| 89.2
 +
|----
 +
| Pellettipoltin
 +
| 21
 +
| 21
 +
| 5.21
 +
| 89.2
 +
|----
 +
| Stokeripoltin
 +
| 5
 +
| 15
 +
| 12.21
 +
| 18.71
 +
|----
 +
|}
  
−
30-800 mg/MJ depends on different boilers, stoves and ovens.
+
<u>Emission factors for greenhousegases</u>
  
−
====Emission factors for greenhousegases====
 
  
 
'''EFs by fuel based classification
 
'''EFs by fuel based classification
  
−
Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010.  <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found  [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].
+
Heljo & Laineen selvityksessä on päädytty seuraaviin kasvihuonekaasupäästökertoimiin
 +
(kgCO2/MWh) laskettuna rakennuksen bruttotasolla (rakennukseen hankittu energia)[http://webhotel2.tut.fi/ee/Materiaali/Ekorem/EKOREM_LP_ja_sahko_raportti_051128.pdf]
 +
 
 +
Table 10.
 +
{| {{prettytable}}
 +
| kgCO2/MWh)
 +
|----
 +
| Puu
 +
| 18
 +
|----
 +
| Kevyt polttoöljy
 +
| 265
 +
|----
 +
| Raskas polttoöljy
 +
| 179
 +
|----
 +
| Kaukolämpö, erillistuotanto
 +
| 231
 +
|----
 +
| Kaukolämpö, yhteistuotanto
 +
| 224
 +
|----
 +
| Kaukolämpö keskimäärin (yhteistuotantoa 73 %)
 +
| 226
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkö keskimäärin
 +
| 204
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkön marginaalikulutus
 +
| 714
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkön perustehoalueen kulutus
 +
| 112
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkön välitehoalueen kulutus
 +
| 459
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkön huipputehoalueen kulutus
 +
| 867
 +
|----
 +
| Sähkölämmityksen lämmitysenergia (esimerkkiarvo)
 +
| 400
 +
|----
 +
|}
 +
 
  
 +
Table 11.
 +
Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010.  <ref>[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]</ref> <ref>http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf</ref>. Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found  [http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_maaritykset_2010_en.html here].
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
| Code Heading
 
| Code Heading
Line 942: Line 1,623:
 
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2.  
 
Emission factors by fuel based on [http://www.motiva.fi/en/ Motiva] knowledge is in table 2.  
  
−
Table 2. Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
+
Table 12.  
 +
Emission factors of CO<sub>2</sub> by fuel<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref>.
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
| Fuels
 
| Fuels
Line 976: Line 1,658:
 
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).
 
CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction<ref>http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf</ref> (attachment 2).
  
−
Tissari et al 2009<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref> have studied emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves and have emission factors that are presented in table 3.
 
−
 
−
Table 3. Average wood combustion gas emission factorsa for carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons (OGC); particle emission factors (in numerical terms for particles <10 μm) and particulate mass (particles <1 μm); and particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) measured by ELPI.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c#tblfn3</ref>
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
|
 
−
| CO2 (%, dry)
 
−
| O2 (%, dry)
 
−
| CO (g kg−1)
 
−
| 
 
−
| OGC (gC kg−1)
 
−
| 
 
−
| Number (# kg−1)
 
−
| 
 
−
| PM1 (g kg−1)
 
−
| 
 
−
| GMD (μm)
 
−
| 
 
−
|----
 
−
|
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| P (%)
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| P (%)
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| P (%)
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| P (%)
 
−
| Avg.
 
−
| P (%)
 
−
|----
 
−
| MMHa
 
−
| 7.2
 
−
| 13
 
−
| 14
 
−
| 6
 
−
| 0.4
 
−
| 18
 
−
| 5.9 × 1014
 
−
| 64
 
−
| 0.7
 
−
| 75
 
−
| 0.13
 
−
| 9
 
−
|----
 
−
| CMHa
 
−
| 7
 
−
| 13.3
 
−
| 22
 
−
| 7
 
−
| 2.7
 
−
| 84
 
−
| 3.1 × 1014
 
−
| 41
 
−
| 0.7
 
−
| 59
 
−
| 0.15
 
−
| 5
 
−
|----
 
−
| SSa
 
−
| 7.5
 
−
| 12.4
 
−
| 55
 
−
| 63
 
−
| 10
 
−
| 127
 
−
| 1.8 × 1015
 
−
| 42
 
−
| 5
 
−
| 71
 
−
| 0.11
 
−
| 70
 
−
|----
 
−
| ABb
 
−
| 7.5
 
−
| 12.6
 
−
| 23
 
−
| 7
 
−
| 3.5
 
−
| 72
 
−
| 4.0 × 1014
 
−
| NA
 
−
| 1
 
−
| NA
 
−
| 0.14
 
−
| NA
 
−
|----
 
−
| BBb
 
−
| 8.9
 
−
| 11.5
 
−
| 50
 
−
| 3
 
−
| 14
 
−
| 44
 
−
| 2.0 × 1014
 
−
| 81
 
−
| 1.9
 
−
| NA
 
−
| 0.16
 
−
| 17
 
−
|----
 
−
| SLc
 
−
| 8.8
 
−
| 11.6
 
−
| 49
 
−
| 20
 
−
| 10
 
−
| 25
 
−
| 3.1 × 1014
 
−
| 20
 
−
| 1.9
 
−
| 30
 
−
| 0.18
 
−
| 10
 
−
|----
 
−
| BLc
 
−
| 6.2
 
−
| 14.6
 
−
| 21
 
−
| 20
 
−
| 1.1
 
−
| 25
 
−
| 2.2 × 1014
 
−
| 20
 
−
| 0.4
 
−
| 30
 
−
| 0.15
 
−
| 10
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
−
a Appliance type: modern masonry heater (MMH), conventional masonry heater (CMH), sauna stove (SS).
 
−
 
−
b Batch sizes: applicable batch (AB) and big batch (BB).
 
  
−
c Log sizes: small logs (SL) and big logs (BL), the general precision of a single measurement, defined according to the unpublished data from the 8 run-to-run replicates, using the masonry heater.
+
Table 13.
−
 
+
Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.
−
 
 
−
Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator <ref>http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf</ref>.
 
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
|
 
|
Line 1,196: Line 1,742:
  
  
−
Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.
+
Table 14 and 15 are from Heljo et al 2005<ref>http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf</ref>. Coefficient of CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/CO<sub>2</sub> as 1.02 is used in transformation CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors to CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.
  
−
 
+
Table 14.  
−
Table 5. CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)
+
CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/MWh)
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
|
 
|
Line 1,288: Line 1,834:
  
  
−
Table 6. CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)
+
Table 15.  
 +
CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO<sub>2</sub>-ekv/MWh)
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
 
|
 
|
Line 1,376: Line 1,923:
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
|}
  
 +
=== Dependencies ===
  
−
=== Causality  ===
+
*Plant/kettle type
−
 
+
*Power output
−
'''Downstream:
+
*Efficiency
−
 
 
−
[[Emissions in Bioher]]
 
−
 
 
−
=== Unit  ===
 
−
 
 
−
mg/MJ
 
−
 
 
−
=== Formula  ===
 
  
 
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.
 
Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.
Line 1,394: Line 1,935:
 
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ
 
e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ
  
−
== Result  ==
+
== See also ==
−
 
 
−
'''CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors of houses by own heating and by plant.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) of houses by fuel used in own heating.
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
|
 
−
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ
 
−
|kg/MWh
 
−
|----
 
−
| District
 
−
| ?
 
−
|220
 
−
|----
 
−
| Light oil
 
−
| ?
 
−
|267
 
−
|----
 
−
| Pellet
 
−
| ?
 
−
|382
 
−
|----
 
−
| Electricity
 
−
| ?
 
−
|200
 
−
|----
 
−
| Geothermal
 
−
| ?
 
−
|0
 
−
|----
 
−
| Other
 
−
| ?
 
−
|0
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Table . CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors (mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ) by fuel used in plant.
 
−
{| {{prettytable}}
 
−
|
 
−
| mg CO<sub>2</sub>/MJ
 
−
|kg/MWh
 
−
|----
 
−
| Heavy oil
 
−
| ?
 
−
|279
 
−
|----
 
−
| Wood chips
 
−
| 109.6M
 
−
| 394.6
 
−
|----
 
−
| Geothermal
 
−
| ?
 
−
|0
 
−
|----
 
−
| Other
 
−
| ?
 
−
|0
 
−
|----
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
'''PM emission factor
 
−
 
 
−
100 mg/MJ
 
  
−
== See also ==
+
* SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS
 +
HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/faar/reportseries/rs-156.pdf]
 
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]
 
* USEPA emission factor information web site [http://cfpub.epa.gov/oarweb/index.cfm?action=fire.main]
−
 
 
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]
 
*Tissari et al 2009 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4TVR26G-1&_user=953170&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049246&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=953170&md5=0e3d0594c133bc8066aad60fc16ee88c]
−
 
 
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]
 
* PUPO loppuraportti [http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf]
−
 
 
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]
 
* Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf]
 +
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]
 +
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]
 +
* [[:Category:Emission factors|Emission factors]]
 +
** [[AP42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources]]
 +
** [[CEPMEIP Database - Emission Factors]]
 +
** [[Emission Factors Database]]
 +
** [[Material Emission Database for 90 Target VOCS]]
 +
** [[RAINS emission factors]]
 +
** [[WebFIRE]]
  
−
*Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf]
 
  
−
*Palosuo T. 09 [http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmtek/opiskelu/kurssit/y92/Taru_Palosuo_puuketjut_elinkaarianalyysi_230109.pdf]
+
{{attack|# |Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist.|--[[User:Heta|Heta]] ([[User talk:Heta|talk]]) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)}}
 +
{{Urgenche}}
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
 
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]
 
*[http://www.stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html]
  
 
<references />
 
<references />
 +
 +
== Related files ==
 +
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 12:50, 9 November 2015


Question

What are the emission factors for burning processes and how to estimate emissions based on them? The focus is on the situation in Finland.

Answer

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Example of the use of emission factors: CO2 and fine particle emissions in Helsinki. Scenarios are based on Helsinki energy decision 2015.

An example code for downloading and using the variable.

+ Show code

Rationale

Inputs and calculations

Variables needed for calculating emissions.
Dependencies Measure Indices Missing data
fuelUse (from Energy balance or other relevant source) Amount of fuel used per timepoint. Required indices: Fuel. Typical indices: Plant
emissionsLocations (case-specific knowledge from e.g. Helsinki energy production) Tells how where emissions occur and from how high a stack. Required indices: - . Typical indices: Plant
emissionFactors (generic information, but may be cultural differences. E.g. Emission factors for burning processes ## emissions per unit of energy produced (g / J or similar unit) Required indices: Pollutant, Fuel. Typical indices: Burner.

+ Show code

Emission factors for heating

Emission factors of energy production(mg /MJ)
ObsBurnerFuelPM2.5CO2directCO2tradeCO2eqDescription
1HouseholdWood140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
2HouseholdBiofuel140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
3HouseholdLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
4HouseholdOil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
5HouseholdOther sources0-10742007420074200Same as oil.
6HouseholdCoal0-1074200-872227420087222
7HouseholdGeothermal0-1074200-872227420087222
8HouseholdGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
9HouseholdFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
10DomesticWood140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008 Just repeat the previous rows to match different wording of burners.
11DomesticBiofuel140 (65.8-263)7420008333Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al. 2008
12DomesticLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
13DomesticOil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
14DomesticOther sources0-10742007420074200Same as oil.
15DomesticCoal0-1074200-872227420087222
16DomesticGeothermal0-1074200-872227420087222
17DomesticGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
18DomesticFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
19Diesel engineFuel oil0-1074200-872227420087222Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh
20Diesel engineLight oil0-1074200-872227420087222
21Diesel engineBiofuel0-1074200-872227420087222
22Large fluidized bedGas0-3556505565055650For PM2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO2: 3/4 of that of oil.
23Large fluidized bedCoal2-20106000106000106000Same as peat.
24Large fluidized bedWood2-2074200074200Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
25Large fluidized bedBiofuel2-2074200074200Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Karvosenoja et al., 2008
26Large fluidized bedWaste2-20742000-50000CO2trade same as wood. CO2eq is guesswork but it is negative because without burning it would produce methane in landfill
27Large fluidized bedPeat2-20106000106000107500Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
28Large fluidized bedHeavy oil8-2291111-10600010600091111Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
29Large fluidized bedFuel oil8-2291111-10600010600091111Leijupoltto 100-300 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Peat 382 kg /MWh
30GridElectricity1-10530002120005300050 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.
31NoneElectricity_taxed1-10530002120005300050 % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it. These emissions are assumed when power plants buy electricity from the grid.
32NoneElectricity0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
33NoneHeat0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
34NoneCooling0000We might want to keep these locations in the model, but we assume that emissions are zero.
  • Large fluidized bed (Peat) CO2-eq value from Väisänen, Sanni: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology[1]
  • Other CO2-eq values from EKOREM: Sähkölämmitys ja lämpöpumput sähkönkäyttäjinä ja päästöjen aiheuttajina Suomessa.
  • Classes of climate emissions:
    CO2direct
    Direct CO2 emissions from the stack
    CO2trade
    CO2 emissions as they are defined in the emission trade. Non-trade sectors have emission 0.
    CO2eq
    CO2 emissions as equivalents (i.e. includes methane, N2O and other climate emissions based on life cycle impacts.

In Finland there are about 700 kettles that have under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW kettles and over 50 MW kettles there are 200 in Finland. One heating power plant can have several kettles. Many 5-50 MW power plants have also less than 5 MW a kettle. [2]

See further discussions about emission factors of wood burning and other topics on the discussion page.D↷

+ Show code


Other data

This is other important data that wasn't in the end used in the model's calculations. These include for example emission factors for wood heating, emission types for different kinds of plants, kettles and fuels, and energy and sulphur contents of different fuels.

Dependencies

  • Plant/kettle type
  • Power output
  • Efficiency

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

See also

  • SMALL-SCALE PELLET BOILER EMISSIONS – CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON TO OTHER COMBUSTION UNITS

HEIKKI LAMBERG. REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE N:o 156 (2014). [5]


⇤# : Links 7-10 (From Tissari to Motiva) say the page doesn't exist. --Heta (talk) 15:45, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Urgenche research project 2011 - 2014: city-level climate change mitigation
Urgenche pages

Urgenche main page · Category:Urgenche · Urgenche project page (password-protected)

Relevant data
Building stock data in Urgenche‎ · Building regulations in Finland · Concentration-response to PM2.5 · Emission factors for burning processes · ERF of indoor dampness on respiratory health effects · ERF of several environmental pollutions · General criteria for land use · Indoor environment quality (IEQ) factors · Intake fractions of PM · Land use in Urgenche · Land use and boundary in Urgenche · Energy use of buildings

Relevant methods
Building model · Energy balance · Health impact assessment · Opasnet map · Help:Drawing graphs · OpasnetUtils‎ · Recommended R functions‎ · Using summary tables‎

City Kuopio
 Climate change policies and health in Kuopio (assessment) · Climate change policies in Kuopio (plausible city-level climate policies) · Health impacts of energy consumption in Kuopio · Building stock in Kuopio · Cost curves for energy (prioritization of options) · Energy balance in Kuopio (energy data) · Energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kuopio by sector · Energy consumption classes (categorisation) · Energy consumption of heating of buildings in Kuopio · Energy transformations (energy production and use processes) · Fuels used by Haapaniemi energy plant · Greenhouse gas emissions in Kuopio · Haapaniemi energy plant in Kuopio · Land use in Kuopio · Building data availability in Kuopio · Password-protected pages: File:Heat use in Kuopio.csv · Kuopio housing

City Basel
 Buildings in Basel (password-protected)

Energy balances
Energy balance in Basel · Energy balance in Kuopio · Energy balance in Stuttgart · Energy balance in Suzhou


References

  1. ↑ Väisänen S: Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat - Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 2014. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94404/isbn9789522655578.pdf?sequence=2
  2. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706 ⇤# : Link broken. I simply don't know what this is supposed to be. --~~~~
  3. ↑ Karvosenoja et al. 2008 [1]
  4. ↑ http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2005/T2300.pdf
  5. ↑ http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=3706
  6. ↑ [2]
  7. ↑ http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fi_nir_150110.pdf
  8. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  9. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  10. ↑ http://motiva.fi/files/209/Laskentaohje_CO2_kohde_040622.pdf
  11. ↑ http://www.uku.fi/fine/src/raportit/PUPOloppuraportti2007.pdf
  12. ↑ http://www.tut.fi/units/rak/rtt/tutkimus/ekorem/EKOREM_Loppuraportti_051214.pdf

Related files

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