Emission factors for burning processes

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Scope

What are the emission factors for burning processes in Finland? D↷

Definition

Emission factors for burning processes is an impact assessment that take a wide perspective over environmental issues that can dealt with on a city level

See discussions with the statements in the discussion page.D↷

Data

In Finland there are about 700 small heating power plants that has under 5MW fuel power. Same amount is between 5 to 50 MW power plants and over 50 MW power plants there are 200 in Finland.

Emission factors for greenhousegases

Next table includes emission factors for small power plants in Finland.

Laitos-/kattilatyyppi	Fuel power (MW)	Fuel	Emission factor (mg/MJ)	Laitosten lkm
Poltinpoltto	<5	Heavy oil	20-90	300
Poltinpoltto	5-15	Heavy oil	10-70	200
Poltinpoltto	15-50	Heavy oil	5-40	100
Poltinpoltto	<5	Light oil	<10	20
Poltinpoltto	5-15	Light oil	<10	20
Poltinpoltto	15-50	Light oil	<10	10
Diesel/kaasumoottori	20-40	Heavy oil	30-60	2
Kerrosleijukattila	5-10	Puu	10-70	8
Kerrosleijukattila	10-50	Puu	5-30	10
Kiertoleijukattila	20-40	Puu	5-30	4
Puuarinakattila	<5	Puu	20-150	120
Puuarinakattila	5-10	Puu	20-150	50
Puuarinakattila	10-50	Puu	10-150	35
Kaasutuskattila	2-7	Puu	50-150	5

EFs by fuel based classification

Table 1. Fuel classification and emission factors in Finland 2010. . Definitions for classification of fuels and energy sources can be found here.

Code Heading		Fuel-specific unit	CO2 default emission factor [t/TJ]		Default net calorific value (as fired) [GJ/unit]		NB
1	Fossil fuels
11	Petroleum products
111	Petroleum gases
1111	Refinery gas	t	54.2	*	49.7	*
1112	LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)	t	65.0		46.2
112	Light distillates
1121	Naphtha	t	72.7		44.3
1122	Motor gasoline	t	72.9		43.0
1123	Aviation gasoline	t	71.3		43.7
113	Medium distillates
1131	Kerosene (jet fuel)	t	73.2		43.3
1132	Other kerosenes	t	71.5	*	43.1
1133	Diesel oil	t	73.6		42.8
1134	Light fuel oil (heating fuel oil)	t	74.1		42.7
1135	Gasoil (for non-road use)	t	73.6	*	42.8
1139	Other medium distillates	t	74.1		42.7
114	Heavy distillates
1141	Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content < 1%	t	78.8		41.1
1142	Heavy fuel oil, sulphur content ≥ 1%	t	78.8		40.5
1143	Other heavy distillates	t	79.2	*	40.2
115	Petroleum coke	t	97.0		33.5
116	Recycled and waste oils	t	78.8		41.0
119	Other petroleum products	t	78.8		30.0
12	Coal
121	Hard coal
1211	Anthracite	t	98.3	*	33.5
1212	Hard coal, bituminous	t	94.6		24.6	*
122	Other coal
1221	Semi-bituminous coal, brown coal, lignite	t	108.0		20.0
1222	Coal briquettes	t	94.6	*	30.0
1228	Coal tar	t	90.6	*	37.0
1229	Other non-specified coal	t	108.0		10.0
123	Coke	t	108.0		29.3
124	Coke oven gas	1000 m3	41.5		16.7
125	Blast furnace gas	1000 m3	263.7		3.8
13	Natural gas
131	Natural gas	1000 m3	55.04		36.0
2	Peat
21	Peat
211	Milled peat	t	105.9		10.1
212	Sod peat	t	102.0		12.3
213	Peat pellets and briquettes	t	97.0		18.0	*
3	Renewable and mixed fuels
31	Biomass
311	Forest fuelwood
3111	Firewood (stems and split firewood)	t	109,6		14.0	*	BIO
3112	Chips from roundwood	t	109,6		9.5	*	BIO
3113	Forest residue chips	t	109,6		9.0	*	BIO
312	Industrial wood residue						BIO
3121	Bark	t	109,6		7.5	*	BIO
3122	Sawdust, cutter shavings etc.	t	109,6		8.0	*	BIO
3123	Wood residue chips	t	109,6		9.5	*	BIO
3128	Unspecified industrial wood residue	t	109,6		7.5	*	BIO
3129	Other industrial wood residue	t	109,6	*	8.8	*	BIO
313	Black liquor and other concentrated liquors	tka	109,6		11.5	*	BIO
314	Other by-products from wood processing	TJ	109,6				BIO
industry
315	Recovered wood	t	109,6		12.0	*	BIO
316	Wood pellets and briquettes	t	109,6		16.0		BIO
317	Vegetable-based fuels
3171	NEW!!Reed canary grass	t	100.0		14.6		BIO
3172	NEW!!Cereal crops and straw parts	t	109,6		13.5		BIO
3179	NEW!! Other vegetable-based fuels	t	109,6		15.0		BIO
318	Animal-based fuels	t	109.6		30.0	*	BIO
32	Other biofuels and mixed fuels
321	Biogas
3211	Landfill gas	1000 m3	56,1		17.0	*	BIO
3212	Biogas from wastewater treatment	1000 m3	56.1		23.0	*	BIO
3213	Industrial biogas	1000 m3	56.1		20.0	*	BIO
3219	Other biogas	1000 m3	56.1		20.0	*	BIO
322	Liquid biofuels	t	77.4		30..40		BIO
323	Mixed fuels (fossil and non-fossil)
3231	Recovered fuels	t	31.8		20.0		1)
3232	Demolition wood	t	17.0		15.0		1)
3233	Impregnated wood (chemically treated)	t	11.4		12.0		1)
3234	NEW!! Deinking sludge	t	60.0		4.0		1)
3238	NEW!!Municipal waste (unsorted)	t	40.0		10.0		1)
3239	Other mixed fuels	t	110.0		10.0
324	Gasified waste (Product gas)	1000 m3	..		..		2)
325	NEW!!Biosludge	t	109.6		2.5		BIO
4	Other energy sources
41	Nuclear energy
411	Nuclear energy	TJ	–
49	Others
491	Other by-products and wastes used as fuels
4911	Plastics waste	t	74.1		33.0
4912	Rubber waste	t	90.0		33.0
4913	Hazardous waste	t	117.0	*	10.0	*
4919	Other waste	t	75.0		15.0	*
492	Exothermic heat from industry	TJ	–
493	Secondary heat from industry	TJ	–
494	Electricity	MWh	–
495	Steam	MWh	–
497	NEW!!Sulphur	t	0.0		10.5
498	Hydrogen	1000 m3	0.0		10.8
499	Other non-specified energy sources	TJ	..

NB

BIO = biofuel, whose carbon dioxide emissions are not counted in the total emission amounts of Finland's greenhouse gases, nor are they taken into account in emissions trading.

1) CO₂ factor of mixed fuels is an estimate taking into account only the share of fossil carbon.

2) Gasified waste (Product gas) is reported in the fuel categories of the source materials of gasification.

Calorific values and emission coefficients describe the properties of fuel as fired, inclusive of moisture content (except for 313, where the measurement unit is tonnes of dry matter). Calorific value of natural gas has been specified in normal conditions (0 °C and 1.013 bar).

Emission factors are updated when necessary.

(* Revised values.

Emission factors for district heating is calculated in Motiva CO₂ emission calculation introductions. For district heating joint production emission factor is 220 kg CO₂/MWh. In this view other GHGs (CH₄ or N₂O) are not taken account as CO₂-ekv! Emission factors by fuel based on Motiva knowledge is in table 2.

Table 2. Emission factors of CO₂ by fuel.

Fuels	kg CO2/MWh
Heavy oil	279
Light oil	267
Gas	202
Fluid gas	227
Peat	382
Coal	341
Coke	389
Wood	0

CO2 EF for electricity can be classified in two categories: purchase electricity and own production. EF for purchase electricity is the same as own electricity vendor has informed or average Finnish electricity procurement CO2 EF (= 200 kg CO2/MWh). EF for own electricity production can be used EF from table 2 (fuel based EFs). If electricity is produced in combined electricity, heating production EFs are calculated with “benefit division method”. Method is explained in Motiva introduction (attachment 2).

Tissari et al 2009 have studied emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves and have emission factors that are presented in table 3.

Table 3. Average wood combustion gas emission factorsa for carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons (OGC); particle emission factors (in numerical terms for particles <10 μm) and particulate mass (particles <1 μm); and particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) measured by ELPI.

	CO2 (%, dry)	O2 (%, dry)	CO (g kg−1)		OGC (gC kg−1)		Number (# kg−1)		PM1 (g kg−1)		GMD (μm)
	Avg.	Avg.	Avg.	P (%)	Avg.	P (%)	Avg.	P (%)	Avg.	P (%)	Avg.	P (%)
MMHa	7.2	13	14	6	0.4	18	5.9 × 1014	64	0.7	75	0.13	9
CMHa	7	13.3	22	7	2.7	84	3.1 × 1014	41	0.7	59	0.15	5
SSa	7.5	12.4	55	63	10	127	1.8 × 1015	42	5	71	0.11	70
ABb	7.5	12.6	23	7	3.5	72	4.0 × 1014	NA	1	NA	0.14	NA
BBb	8.9	11.5	50	3	14	44	2.0 × 1014	81	1.9	NA	0.16	17
SLc	8.8	11.6	49	20	10	25	3.1 × 1014	20	1.9	30	0.18	10
BLc	6.2	14.6	21	20	1.1	25	2.2 × 1014	20	0.4	30	0.15	10

a Appliance type: modern masonry heater (MMH), conventional masonry heater (CMH), sauna stove (SS).

b Batch sizes: applicable batch (AB) and big batch (BB).

c Log sizes: small logs (SL) and big logs (BL), the general precision of a single measurement, defined according to the unpublished data from the 8 run-to-run replicates, using the masonry heater.

Table 4. Average emission factors measured with differed gas analyzator (kk) and FTIR analyzator .

	Ordinary combustion	Distribution (%)	Bad combustion	Distribution (%)	Unit
Temperature of gas	253	1	159	17	Celsius
CO2 (kk)	7.3	5	11	8	%, dry
O2 (kk)	13.3	3	8.7	14	%, dry
H2O (FTIR)	6.5	4	7.7	-	%, wet
CO (kk)	2300	10	8100	29	mg/MJ
CO (FTIR)	2000	11	5700	-	mg/MJ
OGC (kk)	120	17	1700	46	mg C/MJ
OGC (FTIR)	160	24	1500	-	mg C/MJ
CH4 (FTIR)	30	22	350	-	mg C/MJ
C6H6 (FTIR)	20	27	210	-	mg C/MJ

Table 5 and 6 are from Heljo et al 2005. Coefficient of CO₂-ekv/CO₂ as 1.02 is used in transformation CO₂ emission factors to CO₂-ekv. factors for electricity and district heating.

Table 5. CO₂ emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO₂/MWh)

	Gross of building level	Dispersion	Efficiency	Efficienfy energy level
Light oil	267	-	0.85	314
Heavy oil	279	-	0.85	328
Wood	-	-	-	-
District heating
Separate production	226	20-500	-	226
Co-production	220	dispersion	-	220
Electricity production
Average	200	-	-	200
Marginal	700	700-900	-	700
or
Basic capacity	110	-	-	110
Interval capacity	450	-	-	450
Peak capacity	850	-	-	850

Table 6. CO₂-ekv emission factors of energy use of buildings (kg CO₂-ekv/MWh)

	Gross of building level	Dispersion	Efficiency	Efficienfy energy level
Light oil	267	-	0.85	314
Heavy oil	279	-	0.85	328
Wood	18	-	0.6	30
District heating
Separate production	231	20-500	-	231
Co-production	224	dispersion	-	224
Electricity production
Average	204	-	-	204
Marginal	714	700-900	-	714
or
Basic capacity	112	-	-	112
Interval capacity	459	-	-	459
Peak capacity	867	-	-	867

Emission factors for PM_2.5

See table 3 and PM₁.

Table 5. Average emission factors for fine particultae matter.

	Ordinary combustion	Distribution (%)	Bad combustion	Distribution (%)	Unit
PM1	100	27	600	35	mg/MJ

Table 6. PM2.5 emission factors of domestic wood combustion in Finland (Piltti report).

30-800 mg/MJ depends on different boilers, stoves and ovens.

Causality

Downstream:

Emissions in Bioher

Unit

mg/MJ

Formula

Data that have another unit than mg/MJ should be changed.

e.g. t/TJ -> mg/MJ

Result

CO₂ emission factors of houses by own heating and by plant.

Table . CO₂ emission factors (mg CO₂/MJ) of houses by fuel used in own heating.

	mg CO2/MJ	kg/MWh
District	?	220
Light oil	?	267
Pellet	?	382
Electricity	?	200
Geothermal	?	0
Other	?	0

Table . CO₂ emission factors (mg CO₂/MJ) by fuel used in plant.

	mg CO2/MJ	kg/MWh
Heavy oil	?	279
Wood chips	109.6M	394.6
Geothermal	?	0
Other	?	0

PM emission factor

100 mg/MJ

See also

• USEPA emission factor information web site [2]

• Tissari et al 2009 [3]

• PUPO loppuraportti [4]

• Heljo et al. 2005 Rakennusten energiankulutus ja CO2-ekv päästöt Suomessa [5]

• Motiva 2004. Yksittäisen kohteen CO2-päästöjen laskentaohjeistus sekä käytettävät CO2-päästökertoimet [6]

• Palosuo T. 09 [7]

References

• [8]