Difference between revisions of "Helsinki energy production"

Revision as of 12:07, 9 September 2015

Question

What is the amount of energy produced (including distributed production) in Helsinki? Where is it produced (-> emissions)? Which processes are used in its production?

Answer

Rationale

Energy balance

Amount produced is determined largely by the energy balance in Helsinki and Helsinki energy consumption. Energy produced and fuels used by of all Helen's power plants.^[1]

Energy processes

Notes:

• Household air heat pumps data from heat pump comparison^[2]
• Household geothermal heat data from Energy Department of the United States: Geothermal Heat Pumps^[3]
• Small-scale wood burning data from Energy Department of the United States: Wood and Pellet Heating^[4]
• Loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10 %. From Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate: Energy in Norway.^[5]
• Sustainable Energy Technology at Work: Use of waste heat from refining industry, Sweden.^[6]
• Chalmers University of Technology: Towards a Sustainable Oil Refinery, Pre-study for larger co-operation projects^[7]
• Motiva estimates for heat pumps processes and costs for heating.^[8]
  • Mechanical heat pumps usually have COP (coefficient of performance, thermal output energy per electric input energy needed) is 2.5 - 7.5.
  • In district heating, mechanical heat pumps have typically COP around 3.
  • Absorption heat pumps have COP typically 1.5 - 1.8. They do not use much electricity but they need either hot water or steam to operate. Therefore, they are not suitable for producing district heat from warm water with temperatures in the range of 25 - 30 °C (Neste) or 10-15 °C (sea heat).
  • The report uses these values for energy prices (€/MWh): bought electricity 50, process steam 25, wood chip 20, district heating 40, own excess heat 0.
  • The investment cost of a heat pump system (ominaiskustannus) in the cases described in this report were 0.47-0.73 M€/MW_th for mechanical heat pumps and 0.072 - 0.102 M€/MW_th for absorption heat pumps. These values do not include the pipelines needed, which may vary a lot; in these cases the pipeline costs were 0.1 - 2.5 times the cost of the heat pump.
  • The energy efficiency is theoretically COP = T_out / (T_out - T_in), and the actual COP values are typically 65 - 75 % of that. If we assume that we want 95 °C district heat out, we get
    • for sea heat pumps: COP = 368 K / (368 K - 283 K) = 4.3 ideally and in practice 2.8 - 3.2. Electricity needed per 1 MWh output: 0.31 - 0.36 MWh.
    • Neste process heat: COP = 368 K / (368 K - 303 K) = 5.7 ideally and in practice 3.7 - 4.2. Electricity needed per 1 MWh output: 0.23 - 0.27 MWh (plus what is needed for pumping the heat for 25 km, say + 0.04 MWh)
• Other useful sources about heat pumps:
  • Katri Vala heat pumps in Helsinki
  • Absorption heat pumps in Sweden
  • EnergyGroove: heat pumps
  • Industrial heat pumps
• CHP diesel generators are regular diesel generators, but they are located in apartment houses and operated centrally. This way, it is possible to produce electricity when needed and use the excess heat, instead of district heat, to warm up the hot water of the house.

## This code is Op_en7311/energyProcess on page [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

energyProcess <- Ovariable("energyProcess", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Heat, power and cooling processes")

# Add Time index so we can make Time dependant decisions

energyProcess@data <- merge(energyProcess@data, data.frame(Time = 1880:2080))

objects.store(energyProcess)
cat("Ovariable energyProcess stored.\n")

Plant specifications

These equations below aim to reflect the energy production facilities and capabilities.

Note! Maintenance cost only contains costs that do not depend on activity. Operational cost contains costs that depend on activity but NOT fuel price; those are calculated separately based on energy produced.

Notes:

• Neste excess heat in Opasnet
• Helens’s windpower ^[9]
• Suvilahti solar ^[10]
• Loviisan sanomat: Loviisan ydinvoimalan tehoja aiotaan nostaa 52 megawattia. ^[11]
• Loviisa 3 periaatepäätös ^[12]
• Sähköenergian kustannusrakenne ^[13]
• European Wind Energy Association (EWEA): The economics of wind energy ^[14]
• Operation costs (€/MWh) of nuclear, wind, coal, and wood based biomass ^[15]
• Sea heat capacity and cost estimated using case Drammen. ^{[16] [17] [18]}
• Cost of household solar estimated using [5] and [6]
• Deep drill heat
  • Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP)^[19]
• Small heat plants' capacities ^[20]

## This code is Op_en7311/plantParameters on page [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

# [[Helsinki energy production]]
plantParameters <- Ovariable("plantParameters", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Plant parameters")

a <- unique(plantParameters@data[c("Plant", "Years_active")])

b <- strsplit(as.character(a$Years_active), split = "-")
out <- data.frame()
for(i in 1:nrow(a)) {
	out <- rbind(out, data.frame(
			a[i , "Plant", drop = FALSE],
			Time = as.numeric(b[[i]][1]):as.numeric(b[[i]][2]),
			Matched = 1
		)
	)
}

require(plyr)
plantParameters@data <- merge(plantParameters@data, data.frame(Time = 1880:2080))#min(out$Time):max(out$Time)))
plantParameters@data <- join(plantParameters@data, out, type = "left")
plantParameters@data$Years_active <- NULL

plantParameters@data$plantParametersResult[
	is.na(plantParameters@data$Matched) & 
	(
		plantParameters@data$Parameter == "Max" |
		plantParameters@data$Parameter == "Min"
	)
] <- 0
plantParameters@data$Matched <- NULL

objects.store(plantParameters)
cat("Ovariable plantParameters stored.\n")

⇤# : How to model non-adjustable energy production exactly? Probably needs a submodel instead of a t2b table. --Jouni (talk) 07:30, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

--# : Can we add Small scale wood burning here? Where do we tell that it produces Heat, not Electricity? In addition, where do we tell that it is only used if Temperature < -5 C? --Jouni (talk) 17:54, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

### This code is Op_en7311/nondynsupply on page [[Helsinki energy production]].
### nondynsupply is about non-dynamic energy supply. In other words, it cannot be optimised based on need.
library(OpasnetUtils)

# [[Helsinki energy supply]]
nondynsupply <- Ovariable("nondynsupply", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Non-adjustable energy production")

objects.store(nondynsupply)
cat("Ovariable nondynsupply stored.\n")

Heating

Fuel availability

Wood

The byproducts of forest industry make up the bulk of fuel wood, and its quantity is almost completely dependent of the production of the forest industry's main products. Therefore it makes sense to calculate the amount of fuel wood usable in the future using the predictions about the volume of forest industry's production in coming years.

For example, the maximum potential production of woodchips is calibrated so, that it will reach 25 TWh in year 2020, and it is expected slowly increase to 33 TWh by year 2050. The production potential for firewood (for small scale heating) is expected to remain about the same at just under 60 PJ. The import of wood fuels is estimated to be 3 TWh at most. ^[21]

Fuel use by heating type

Helsinki-specific data about connections between Heating and fuel usage. Generic data should be taken from Energy balance. Because all Helsinki-specific data is given in the energyProcess table, this only contains dummy data.

## This code is Op_en7311/fuelShares on page [[Helsinki energy production]]

library(OpasnetUtils)

fuelShares <- Ovariable("fuelShares", 
	dependencies = data.frame(
		Name = "fuelSharesgeneric",
		Ident = "Op_en5141/fuelSharesgeneric" # [[Energy balance]]
	),
	formula = function(...) {
	
		dat <- EvalOutput(Ovariable("dat", ddata = "Op_en7311.fuel_use_by_heating_type")) # [[Helsinki energy production]]
		colnames(dat@output) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(dat@output))

		out <- combine(fuelSharesgeneric, dat, name = "fuelShares")
		out <- out * Ovariable(output = data.frame(Time = 1900:2080, Result = 1), marginal = c(TRUE, FALSE))
		out <- unkeep(out, prevresults = TRUE, sources = TRUE)

		return(out)
	}
)

objects.store(fuelShares)
cat("Object fuelShares stored.\n")

Emission locations

Emission location and height by heating type.

This code creates technical ovariables emissionLocations and heatingShares that are needed to run the Building model and its ovariables buildings and heatingEnergy.

## This code is Op_en7311/emissionLocations [[Helsinki energy production]]

library(OpasnetUtils)

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Emission locations") 
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1

heatingShares <- 1 # This is already in the Basel data.

objects.store(emissionLocations, heatingShares)
cat("Objects emissionsLocations, heatingShares stored.\n")

Emission locations per plant

###### This code is Op_en7311/emissionLocationsPerPlant [[Helsinki energy production]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311", subset = "Emission locations per plant")
colnames(emissionLocations@data) <- gsub("[ \\.]", "_", colnames(emissionLocations@data))
colnames(emissionLocations@data)[colnames(emissionLocations@data) == "emissionLocationsResult"] <- "Emission_height"
emissionLocations@data$emissionLocationsResult <- 1

objects.store(emissionLocations)
cat("Ovariable emissionLocations stored.\n")

Production and emission statistics

Dependencies

Calculations

library(OpasnetUtils)
emissionLocations <- Ovariable("emissionLocations", ddata = "Op_en7311/Emission_locations")
result(emissionLocations) <- 1
objects.store(
	emissionLocations
)

cat("Objects
	emissionLocations
stored.\n")

See also

• The model for small-scale energy production in Helsinki Metropolitan area is made by Gabi 4.3 - life cycle assessment software. It is a versatile program which can be used for life cycle assessment, cost analysis, efficiency analysis, Global Reporting Initiative-reports (GRI) and companies annual reports.
• Pohjoismaiden suurin sähkövarasto nousee Helsinkiin - toimintaperiaate kuin kännykän akulla YLE 23.6.2015

Keywords

References