EBoDE Data Overview

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TABLE 3-19. Summary of health endpoints, exposure units and exposure/response-relationships. Unless otherwise stated, both mortality and morbidity were estimated.

Stressor	Health endpoint	Population	Exposure estimate	Unit of exposure	Type of ERF	Point estimate of ERFa)	LCL (95%)	UCL (95%)	Reference(s) for ERF	Threshold	Calculation methodb)
Benzene	Leukemia	All	Annual mean exposure	µg m-3	UR	6.00 x 10-6	2.20 x 10-6	7.80 x 10-6	WHO, 2000a; IRIS 2003		2A
Dioxin	Total cancer incidence	All	Daily intake of adults	pg/kg/d	UR	1.00 x 10-3	5.70 x 10-4	5.10 x 10-3	NAS, 2004, IRIS, 2006, Leino 2008		2A
SHS	Tracheas, bronchus and lung cancers c)	Adult non-smokers	% of people exposed (=yes)	yes/no	RR	1.21	1.13	1.30	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Ischemic heart disease	Adult non-smokers		yes/no	RR	1.27	1.19	1.36	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Asthma induction	Adult non-smokers		yes/no	RR	1.97	1.19	3.25	Jaakkola et al., 2003		1A
	Asthma induction	Children (<14 yr)		parental y/n	RR	1.32	1.24	1.41	Cal-EPA, 2005		1A
	Lower respiratory infections	Infants (<2 yr)		Parental y/n	RR	1.55	1.42	1.69	US S.G., 2006		1A
	Otitis media	Toddlers (<3 yr)		Parental y/n	RR	1.38	1.21	1.56	Etzel et al., 1992; Cal-EPA 2005		1A
Formaldehyde	Asthma aggravation (children) (morbidity only)	Toddlers (<3 yr)	Annual mean residential indoor concentration	µg m-3	RR	1.017	1.004	1.025	Rumchev et al., 2002	100	1A
Lead	IQ loss	Children (<5 yr)	Distribution of blood lead levels	µg/l	UR	0.051	0.032	0.07	Landphear et al., 2005	24	2B
	Mild mental retardation (morbidity only)	Children (<5 yr)		µg/l	DS d)	function	-	-	-	24	2B
	Hypertensive diseases (morbidity only)	Adults/All		µg/l	DS d)	function	-	-	-	50	2B
	Increased blood pressure	Adults/All		µg/l	UR	2.50 x 10-2	1.70 x 10-2	3.20 x 10-2	Fewtrell et al. 2003, Schwartz, 1995	50	2B
Road traffic noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All	Persons exposed to predefined exposure categories	Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B
	Ischemic heart disease (IHD)	All		Lday16h (dB)	OR	function	function	function	Babisch, 2006		1A
Railway noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All		Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B
Aircraft noise	High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only)	All		Lnight (dB)	UR	function	function	function	Miedema et al., 2007		2B