Difference between revisions of "Health impacts of urban heat island mitigation in Europe"

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(Created page with 'heande:Mega Case Study Category:Intarese Category:Mega case study {{assessment|moderator=Virpi Kollanus|stub=Yes}} ==Scope== ===Purpose=== * Purpose defines t…')
 
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{{assessment|moderator=Virpi Kollanus|stub=Yes}}
 
{{assessment|moderator=Virpi Kollanus|stub=Yes}}
  
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This assessment aims to quantify health impacts of heat exposure in large European cities and the effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation policies in reducing these effects. It is a part of the Intarese Common Case Study.
  
 
==Scope==
 
==Scope==
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===Purpose===
 
===Purpose===
  
−
    * Purpose defines the specific information need of the decision-making and the research question that is asked.
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What are the current and future annual health impacts of heat exposure in large European cities? What is the potential and relative effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation measures in reducing these impacts?
  
 
===Boundaries===
 
===Boundaries===
  
−
    * Boundaries define which parts of the reality are taken into the assessment and which are excluded within
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*Year: 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050
−
      spatial, temporal and other dimensions.
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*Geographical area: EU-27, excluding Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Romania
 +
*Health impacts:
 +
**Natural mortality
 +
**Cardiovascular mortality
 +
**Respiratory mortality
  
 
===Scenarios===
 
===Scenarios===
  
−
    * Scenarios define particular conditions that are of interest irrespective whether they describe
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'''Future climate scenarios:
−
      reality or not (e.g. what-if scenarios).
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*IPCC A1B
 +
*IPCC B1
  
 
===Intended users===
 
===Intended users===
  
−
    * Intended users are those for whom the assessment is made.
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*Intarese Common Case Study
 +
*Anyone interested
  
 
===Participants===
 
===Participants===
  
−
    * Participants are those who may participate in the making of the assessment.
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*The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland
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      The minimum group of people for a successful assessment is always described.
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*University of Stuttgart
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      If some groups must be excluded, this must be explicitly motivated.
 
  
 
==Definition==
 
==Definition==
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===Decision variables===
 
===Decision variables===
  
−
    * Decision variables: decisions that are considered.
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*Options to mitigate urban heat island effect
 +
**1) Business-as-usual (BAU)
 +
***No new UHI mitigation measures
 +
**2) Increasing urban forestry
 +
***Trees are planted on open areas and street curbsides
 +
***10.8% of the total urban area is redeveloped from open grass to trees (open area planting)
 +
***6.7% of the total urban area is redeveloped from street to trees (curbside planting)
 +
**3) Increasing urban albedo
 +
***Impervious roof and street surfaces are replaced by light colored surfaces
 +
***13.6% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious roof surface to light roof surface
 +
***34.4% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious street surface to light street surface
 +
**4) Increasing urban forestry and albedo
 +
***10.8% of the total urban area is redeveloped from open grass to trees (open area planting)
 +
***6.7% of the total urban area is redeveloped from street to trees (curbside planting)
 +
***13.6% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious roof surface to light roof surface
 +
***34.4% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious street surface to light street surface
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The fraction of the total urban area in large European cities available to be redeveloped from one land use or surface cover type to another is based on an urban heat island mitigation study conducted in New York City <Ref>[http://www.nyserda.org/programs/environment/emep/project/6681_25/06-06%20Complete%20report-web.pdf NYSERDA 2006. Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces. New York City Regional Heat Island Initiative, Final Report. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.]</Ref>
 
   
 
   
 
===Indicators===
 
===Indicators===
  
−
    * Indicators: outcome variables of interest.
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*[[Mortality effects of heat exposure in Europe]]
−
 
 
−
===Value variables===
 
−
 
 
−
    * Value variables: value judgements (usually about indicators).
 
  
 
===Other variables===
 
===Other variables===
−
 
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*[[Ambient air temperature in Europe]]
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    * Other variables: any variables that link to the causal network and are within the boundaries of the assessment.
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*[[Heat exposure in Europe]]
 +
*[[Population of Europe]]
 +
*[[Mortality in Europe]]
 +
*[[ERF of ambient temperature on mortality]]
 +
** Following WP3.7-work and WP4.3-screening, DRF will be based on the PHEWE project, which investigated the acute health effects of weather in 15 European cities and provided both pooled estimates (Mediterranean region  and North-Continental region) of the impact of heat on mortality (Michelozzi et al. 2007; Baccini et al. 2008). DRFs are based on a linear threshold model.  Heat exposure is defined as follows: °C Daily maximum Apparent Temperature over threshold temperature, warm season (April-September).
 +
** Assumption: Threshold and the DRF differ for the Mediterranean region and the North-continental region; we therefore assume that the EU-27 can be divided into two larger regions with different DRF.
 +
** Assumption: Temperatures above thresholds will only occur in warm season (April-September)
 +
** Assumption: DRF for mortality due to natural causes can be applied to total mortality
  
 
===Analyses===
 
===Analyses===
  
−
    * Analyses: statistical and other analyses that contain two or more variables, e.g. optimizing.
+
Qualitative and quantitative uncertainty analyses
  
 
===Indices===
 
===Indices===
−
 
−
    * Indices: lists of particular locations along spatial, temporal, or other dimensions.
 
 
 
 
==Result==
 
==Result==
−
 
−
    * Results of indicators and assessment-specific analyses.
 
  
 
===Results===
 
===Results===
  
 
===Conclusions===
 
===Conclusions===
−
 
−
    * Conclusions are based on the results, given the scope.
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 14:01, 12 November 2010



This assessment aims to quantify health impacts of heat exposure in large European cities and the effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation policies in reducing these effects. It is a part of the Intarese Common Case Study.

Scope

Purpose

What are the current and future annual health impacts of heat exposure in large European cities? What is the potential and relative effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation measures in reducing these impacts?

Boundaries

  • Year: 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050
  • Geographical area: EU-27, excluding Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Romania
  • Health impacts:
    • Natural mortality
    • Cardiovascular mortality
    • Respiratory mortality

Scenarios

Future climate scenarios:

  • IPCC A1B
  • IPCC B1

Intended users

  • Intarese Common Case Study
  • Anyone interested

Participants

  • The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland
  • University of Stuttgart

Definition

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Decision variables

  • Options to mitigate urban heat island effect
    • 1) Business-as-usual (BAU)
      • No new UHI mitigation measures
    • 2) Increasing urban forestry
      • Trees are planted on open areas and street curbsides
      • 10.8% of the total urban area is redeveloped from open grass to trees (open area planting)
      • 6.7% of the total urban area is redeveloped from street to trees (curbside planting)
    • 3) Increasing urban albedo
      • Impervious roof and street surfaces are replaced by light colored surfaces
      • 13.6% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious roof surface to light roof surface
      • 34.4% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious street surface to light street surface
    • 4) Increasing urban forestry and albedo
      • 10.8% of the total urban area is redeveloped from open grass to trees (open area planting)
      • 6.7% of the total urban area is redeveloped from street to trees (curbside planting)
      • 13.6% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious roof surface to light roof surface
      • 34.4% of the total urban area is redeveloped from impervious street surface to light street surface


The fraction of the total urban area in large European cities available to be redeveloped from one land use or surface cover type to another is based on an urban heat island mitigation study conducted in New York City [1]

Indicators

Other variables

  • Ambient air temperature in Europe
  • Heat exposure in Europe
  • Population of Europe
  • Mortality in Europe
  • ERF of ambient temperature on mortality
    • Following WP3.7-work and WP4.3-screening, DRF will be based on the PHEWE project, which investigated the acute health effects of weather in 15 European cities and provided both pooled estimates (Mediterranean region and North-Continental region) of the impact of heat on mortality (Michelozzi et al. 2007; Baccini et al. 2008). DRFs are based on a linear threshold model. Heat exposure is defined as follows: °C Daily maximum Apparent Temperature over threshold temperature, warm season (April-September).
    • Assumption: Threshold and the DRF differ for the Mediterranean region and the North-continental region; we therefore assume that the EU-27 can be divided into two larger regions with different DRF.
    • Assumption: Temperatures above thresholds will only occur in warm season (April-September)
    • Assumption: DRF for mortality due to natural causes can be applied to total mortality

Analyses

Qualitative and quantitative uncertainty analyses

Indices

Result

Results

Conclusions

See also

References

  1. ↑ NYSERDA 2006. Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces. New York City Regional Heat Island Initiative, Final Report. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
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