Difference between revisions of "EBoDE Data Overview"
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{{study|moderator=Mori|stub=Yes}} | {{study|moderator=Mori|stub=Yes}} | ||
[[category:EBoDE]] | [[category:EBoDE]] | ||
+ | ==Tables== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Table 1=== | ||
{| {{prettytable}} | {| {{prettytable}} | ||
|+ TABLE 3-19. Summary of health endpoints, exposure units and exposure/response-relationships. Unless otherwise stated, both mortality and morbidity were estimated. | |+ TABLE 3-19. Summary of health endpoints, exposure units and exposure/response-relationships. Unless otherwise stated, both mortality and morbidity were estimated. | ||
Line 26: | Line 30: | ||
| 2.20 x 10<sup>-6</sup> | | 2.20 x 10<sup>-6</sup> | ||
| 7.80 x 10<sup>-6</sup> | | 7.80 x 10<sup>-6</sup> | ||
− | | WHO, 2000a; IRIS 2003 | + | | WHO, 2000a; IRIS 2003 |
− | | | + | | |
| 2A | | 2A | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 218: | Line 222: | ||
| 2B | | 2B | ||
|- | |- | ||
+ | ! rowspan="4" bgcolor="grey" | Ozone | ||
+ | | Total mortality (non-violent) | ||
+ | | Adults (>30 yr) | ||
+ | | rowspan="4" | Population <br> weighed ambient <br> SOMO35 level | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | RR | ||
+ | | 1.0003 | ||
+ | | 1.0001 | ||
+ | | 1.000 | ||
+ | | WHO, 2006a | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 1A | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Minor restricted activity days <br> (morbidity only) | ||
+ | | Working age <br> (18–64 yr) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | UR | ||
+ | | 0.0115 | ||
+ | | 0.0044 | ||
+ | | 0.02 | ||
+ | | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 2B | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Cough days, children <br> (morbidity only) | ||
+ | | School children <br> (5–14) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | UR | ||
+ | | 0.093 | ||
+ | | 0.019 | ||
+ | | 0.22 | ||
+ | | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 2B | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | LRS days in children (excl cough) <br> (morbidity only) | ||
+ | | School children <br> (5–14) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | UR | ||
+ | | 0.016 | ||
+ | | -0.043 | ||
+ | | 0.08 | ||
+ | | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 2B | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! rowspan="4" bgcolor="grey" | PM<sub>2.5</sub> | ||
+ | | Cardiopulmonary disease | ||
+ | | Adults (>30 yr) | ||
+ | | rowspan="4" | Population <br> weighted ambient <br> level | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | RR | ||
+ | | 1.0077 | ||
+ | | 1.0020 | ||
+ | | 1.0132 | ||
+ | | Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 1A | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Lung cancer | ||
+ | | Adults (>30 yr) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | RR | ||
+ | | 1.012 | ||
+ | | 1.004 | ||
+ | | 1.020 | ||
+ | | Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 1A | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Chronic bronchitis <br> (new cases) | ||
+ | | Adults (>27 yr) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | UR | ||
+ | | 5.33 x 10<sup>-5</sup> | ||
+ | | 1.70 x 10<sup>-6</sup> | ||
+ | | 1.13 x 10<sup>-4</sup> | ||
+ | | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 1A | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Restricted activity days (RAD) | ||
+ | | 15–64 yr | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | UR | ||
+ | | 0.0902 | ||
+ | | 0.0792 | ||
+ | | 0.101 | ||
+ | | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 2B | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Radon | ||
+ | | Lung cancer | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Residential mean <br> level | ||
+ | | Bq m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | RR | ||
+ | | 1.0016 | ||
+ | | 1.0005 | ||
+ | | 1.0031 | ||
+ | | Darby et al. 2005 | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | 1A | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <small> | ||
+ | <sup>a)</sup> These exposure response functions are all expressed per 1 unit of exposure. <br> | ||
+ | <sup>b)</sup> Different types of calculation methods were applied (see also paragraph 2.1): <br> | ||
+ | : 1A: Deriving the PAF from epidemiological data; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database) <br> | ||
+ | : 2A: Indirectly calculating the PAF from the Unit Risk and background incidence; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database) <br> | ||
+ | : 2B: Using a Unit Risk to calculate Attributable Incidence; calculating the Burden of Disease: AI x DW x L <br> | ||
+ | <sup>c)</sup> The RR for spousal smoking is used as a proxy for any regular exposure (including at work). <br> | ||
+ | <sup>d)</sup> For lead, a shift in exposure distributions is linked to a unit risk approach. Further information provided in 3.6. <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Function: No point estimate can be given, as the exposure response function is given by a more complex function. <br> | ||
+ | AI = Attributable Incidence; <br> | ||
+ | ARI = Acute respiratory infections; <br> | ||
+ | Bq = Becquerel; <br> | ||
+ | IHD = Ischemic heart disease; <br> | ||
+ | Lday16h = noise level for day and evening; <br> | ||
+ | LRS = Lower respiratory Symptoms; <br> | ||
+ | PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyls, <br> | ||
+ | PAF = Population Attributable Fraction; <br> | ||
+ | PM = Particulate Matter; <br> | ||
+ | RAD = Restricted activity days; <br> | ||
+ | SHS = Second-Hand Smoke, <br> | ||
+ | SOMO35 = sum of maximum 8-hour ozone levels over 35 ppb (70 µg/m3); <br> | ||
+ | UR = Unit Risk; <br> | ||
+ | RR = Relative Risk; <br> | ||
+ | yr = year; µg = microgram; mg = milligram; pg = picogram; kg = kilogram; d = day <br> | ||
+ | </small> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Table 2=== | ||
+ | {| {{prettytable}} | ||
+ | |+ TABLE 3-20. Summary of years and sources of exposure data. | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Stressor | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Year(s) of <br> original <br> exposure <br> data | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Assumptions for <br> trends estimation to <br> 2004 | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Exposure data source | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Benzene || 2004 || National trend <br> estimates when <br> applicable || AirBase data for outdoor levels in 2004; national studies for indoors | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Dioxins || 1997–2006 || No trend assumed || National data for intake | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Second-hand smoke || 2008 || Available data fitted <br> with power functions <br> for trends || National and international survey data for exposures between 1990 and 2008 used for modelling 2004 data; | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Formaldehyde || 1990–2005 || No trend assumed || National indoor concentration data | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Lead || 1990–2005 || National trend <br> estimates || National blood lead level data | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Transport noise || 2007<sup>1</sup> || No trend assumed || EC Environmental Noise Directive data | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Ozone || 2005 || No trend assumed || rowspan="2" | ECT/ACC spatial model based on AirBase observations and air quality maps | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Particulate matter || 2005 || No trend assumed | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Radon || up-to 2005 || No trend assumed || RadonMapping project (http://radonmapping.jrc.ec.europa.eu) and the UNSCEAR 2000 Report | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <small> | ||
+ | <sup>1</sup> Target year of END data was set as 2007. The actual collected data contains subsets of data from various years. | ||
+ | </small> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Table 3=== | ||
+ | {| {{prettytable}} | ||
+ | |+ TABLE 3-21. Summary of exposure values for benzene, dioxin and dioxin-likes, SHS, formaldehyde, lead and radon for 2004, ozone and PM for 2005.* | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Environmental stressor | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Population group | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Exposure metric | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Unit | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Belgium | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Finland | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | France | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Germany | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Italy | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="grey" | Netherlands | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Benzene | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average annual exposure concentration | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 1.5 | ||
+ | | 2.0 | ||
+ | | 2.1 | ||
+ | | 1.8 | ||
+ | | 2.9 | ||
+ | | 0.9 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average annual daily intake | ||
+ | | pg TEQ/kg/d | ||
+ | | 1.9 | ||
+ | | 1.5 | ||
+ | | 2.3 | ||
+ | | 2.0 | ||
+ | | 2.3 | ||
+ | | 1.0 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rowspan="3" | SHS | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Percentage of non-smokers | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | 74.9 | ||
+ | | 74.2 | ||
+ | | 71.5 | ||
+ | | 71.0 | ||
+ | | 76.5 | ||
+ | | 66.6 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Non-smokers | ||
+ | | Percentage of non-smokers exposed | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | 32 | ||
+ | | 14 | ||
+ | | 25 | ||
+ | | 31 | ||
+ | | 30 | ||
+ | | 30 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Children | ||
+ | | Percentage of non-smokers exposed | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | NA | ||
+ | | 4 | ||
+ | | 33 | ||
+ | | 24 | ||
+ | | 40 | ||
+ | | 36 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rowspan="2" | Formaldehyde (threshold 100 µg m<sup>-3</sup>) | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Percentage of people exposed above 100 µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | 0.20 | ||
+ | | 2.30 | ||
+ | | 0.20 | ||
+ | | 0.30 | ||
+ | | 0.05 | ||
+ | | 0.05 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average indoor concentration above 100 µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 139 | ||
+ | | 122 | ||
+ | | 118 | ||
+ | | 113 | ||
+ | | 101 | ||
+ | | 101 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rowspan="5" | Lead | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average blood concentration? | ||
+ | | µg/l | ||
+ | | 22 | ||
+ | | 16 | ||
+ | | 25 | ||
+ | | 22 | ||
+ | | 39 | ||
+ | | 19 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Adults | ||
+ | | Percentage of adults exposed above 50 µg/l | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | 5.5 | ||
+ | | 1.8 | ||
+ | | 8.1 | ||
+ | | 5.5 | ||
+ | | 23.9 | ||
+ | | 3.4 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Adults | ||
+ | | Average blood concentration for adults above 50 µg/l | ||
+ | | µg/l | ||
+ | | 68 | ||
+ | | 68 | ||
+ | | 68 | ||
+ | | 67 | ||
+ | | 76 | ||
+ | | 65 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Children 0–4 | ||
+ | | Percentage of children exposed above 24 µg/l | ||
+ | | % | ||
+ | | 32.5 | ||
+ | | 17.0 | ||
+ | | 39.9 | ||
+ | | 32.5 | ||
+ | | 67.1 | ||
+ | | 24.7 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Children 0–4 | ||
+ | | Average blood concentration for children above 24 µg/l | ||
+ | | µg/l | ||
+ | | 39 | ||
+ | | 36 | ||
+ | | 41 | ||
+ | | 39 | ||
+ | | 50 | ||
+ | | 37 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Ozone | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Annual sum of ozone maximum 8-h levels above 35 ppb (SOMO35) | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 2 787 | ||
+ | | 2 580 | ||
+ | | 4 756 | ||
+ | | 4 164 | ||
+ | | 8 134 | ||
+ | | 1 920 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | PM<sub>2.5</sub> | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average annual ambient concentration | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 18.7 | ||
+ | | 9.1 | ||
+ | | 12.3 | ||
+ | | 16.0 | ||
+ | | 19.6 | ||
+ | | 18.7 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | PM<sub>10</sub> | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average annual ambient concentration | ||
+ | | µg m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 28.9 | ||
+ | | 13.3 | ||
+ | | 19.1 | ||
+ | | 22.1 | ||
+ | | 32.7 | ||
+ | | 29.1 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Radon | ||
+ | | All | ||
+ | | Average annual indoor concentration | ||
+ | | Bq m<sup>-3</sup> | ||
+ | | 69 | ||
+ | | 120 | ||
+ | | 89 | ||
+ | | 50 | ||
+ | | 70 | ||
+ | | 30 | ||
+ | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <small> | ||
+ | * Noise data are not included in this overview table, as they cannot be easily summarized due to categorial exposures. For noise data, please see paragraph 3.7.</small> | ||
+ | <ref name="EBoDe">Otto Hänninen, Anne Knol: European Perspectives on Environmental Burden of Disease: Esimates for Nine Stressors in Six European Countries, | ||
+ | Authors and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Report 1/2011 [http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/b75f6999-e7c4-4550-a939-3bccb19e41c1]</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==References== | ||
+ | <references/> |
Latest revision as of 14:10, 19 November 2012
This page is a product of the EBoDE project. The final report of the EBoDE project has been published as a report in 2011[1] and also as web pages in Opasnet. These links lead to parts of the report.
EBoDE project: main page | overview | contributors | data overview | Parma meeting | abbreviations | all pages Methods: environmental burden of disease calculation | selection of exposures and health effects | data needed | impact calculation tool Health effects in Europe: benzene | dioxins | formaldehyde | lead | ozone | particulate matter | radon | second-hand smoke | transport noise | environmental burden of disease | results by country |
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Tables
Table 1
Stressor | Health endpoint | Population | Exposure estimate | Unit of exposure | Type of ERF | Point estimate of ERFa) | LCL (95%) | UCL (95%) | Reference(s) for ERF | Threshold | Calculation methodb) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzene | Leukemia | All | Annual mean exposure | µg m-3 | UR | 6.00 x 10-6 | 2.20 x 10-6 | 7.80 x 10-6 | WHO, 2000a; IRIS 2003 | 2A | |
Dioxin | Total cancer incidence | All | Daily intake of adults | pg/kg/d | UR | 1.00 x 10-3 | 5.70 x 10-4 | 5.10 x 10-3 | NAS, 2004, IRIS, 2006, Leino 2008 | 2A | |
SHS | Tracheas, bronchus and lung cancers c) | Adult non-smokers | % of people exposed (=yes) | yes/no | RR | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.30 | US S.G., 2006 | 1A | |
Ischemic heart disease | Adult non-smokers | yes/no | RR | 1.27 | 1.19 | 1.36 | US S.G., 2006 | 1A | |||
Asthma induction | Adult non-smokers | yes/no | RR | 1.97 | 1.19 | 3.25 | Jaakkola et al., 2003 | 1A | |||
Asthma induction | Children (<14 yr) | parental y/n |
RR | 1.32 | 1.24 | 1.41 | Cal-EPA, 2005 | 1A | |||
Lower respiratory infections | Infants (<2 yr) | Parental y/n |
RR | 1.55 | 1.42 | 1.69 | US S.G., 2006 | 1A | |||
Otitis media | Toddlers (<3 yr) | Parental y/n |
RR | 1.38 | 1.21 | 1.56 | Etzel et al., 1992; Cal-EPA 2005 | 1A | |||
Formaldehyde | Asthma aggravation (children) (morbidity only) |
Toddlers (<3 yr) | Annual mean residential indoor concentration | µg m-3 | RR | 1.017 | 1.004 | 1.025 | Rumchev et al., 2002 | 100 | 1A |
Lead | IQ loss | Children (<5 yr) | Distribution of blood lead levels | µg/l | UR | 0.051 | 0.032 | 0.07 | Landphear et al., 2005 | 24 | 2B |
Mild mental retardation (morbidity only) |
Children (<5 yr) | µg/l | DS d) | function | - | - | - | 24 | 2B | ||
Hypertensive diseases (morbidity only) |
Adults/All | µg/l | DS d) | function | - | - | - | 50 | 2B | ||
Increased blood pressure | Adults/All | µg/l | UR | 2.50 x 10-2 | 1.70 x 10-2 | 3.20 x 10-2 | Fewtrell et al. 2003, Schwartz, 1995 | 50 | 2B | ||
Road traffic noise | High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only) |
All | Persons exposed to predefined exposure categories | Lnight (dB) | UR | function | function | function | Miedema et al., 2007 | 2B | |
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) | All | Lday16h (dB) | OR | function | function | function | Babisch, 2006 | 1A | |||
Railway noise | High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only) |
All | Lnight (dB) | UR | function | function | function | Miedema et al., 2007 | 2B | ||
Aircraft noise | High sleep disturbance (HSD) (morbidity only) |
All | Lnight (dB) | UR | function | function | function | Miedema et al., 2007 | 2B | ||
Ozone | Total mortality (non-violent) | Adults (>30 yr) | Population weighed ambient SOMO35 level |
µg m-3 | RR | 1.0003 | 1.0001 | 1.000 | WHO, 2006a | 1A | |
Minor restricted activity days (morbidity only) |
Working age (18–64 yr) |
µg m-3 | UR | 0.0115 | 0.0044 | 0.02 | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | 2B | |||
Cough days, children (morbidity only) |
School children (5–14) |
µg m-3 | UR | 0.093 | 0.019 | 0.22 | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | 2B | |||
LRS days in children (excl cough) (morbidity only) |
School children (5–14) |
µg m-3 | UR | 0.016 | -0.043 | 0.08 | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO 2006b | 2B | |||
PM2.5 | Cardiopulmonary disease | Adults (>30 yr) | Population weighted ambient level |
µg m-3 | RR | 1.0077 | 1.0020 | 1.0132 | Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a | 1A | |
Lung cancer | Adults (>30 yr) | µg m-3 | RR | 1.012 | 1.004 | 1.020 | Pope et al., 2002, WHO, 2006a | 1A | |||
Chronic bronchitis (new cases) |
Adults (>27 yr) | µg m-3 | UR | 5.33 x 10-5 | 1.70 x 10-6 | 1.13 x 10-4 | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b | 1A | |||
Restricted activity days (RAD) | 15–64 yr | µg m-3 | UR | 0.0902 | 0.0792 | 0.101 | Hurley et al., 2005, WHO, 2006b | 2B | |||
Radon | Lung cancer | All | Residential mean level |
Bq m-3 | RR | 1.0016 | 1.0005 | 1.0031 | Darby et al. 2005 | 1A |
a) These exposure response functions are all expressed per 1 unit of exposure.
b) Different types of calculation methods were applied (see also paragraph 2.1):
- 1A: Deriving the PAF from epidemiological data; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database)
- 2A: Indirectly calculating the PAF from the Unit Risk and background incidence; applying the PAF to total burden of disease data (WHO database)
- 2B: Using a Unit Risk to calculate Attributable Incidence; calculating the Burden of Disease: AI x DW x L
c) The RR for spousal smoking is used as a proxy for any regular exposure (including at work).
d) For lead, a shift in exposure distributions is linked to a unit risk approach. Further information provided in 3.6.
Function: No point estimate can be given, as the exposure response function is given by a more complex function.
AI = Attributable Incidence;
ARI = Acute respiratory infections;
Bq = Becquerel;
IHD = Ischemic heart disease;
Lday16h = noise level for day and evening;
LRS = Lower respiratory Symptoms;
PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyls,
PAF = Population Attributable Fraction;
PM = Particulate Matter;
RAD = Restricted activity days;
SHS = Second-Hand Smoke,
SOMO35 = sum of maximum 8-hour ozone levels over 35 ppb (70 µg/m3);
UR = Unit Risk;
RR = Relative Risk;
yr = year; µg = microgram; mg = milligram; pg = picogram; kg = kilogram; d = day
Table 2
Stressor | Year(s) of original exposure data |
Assumptions for trends estimation to 2004 |
Exposure data source |
---|---|---|---|
Benzene | 2004 | National trend estimates when applicable |
AirBase data for outdoor levels in 2004; national studies for indoors |
Dioxins | 1997–2006 | No trend assumed | National data for intake |
Second-hand smoke | 2008 | Available data fitted with power functions for trends |
National and international survey data for exposures between 1990 and 2008 used for modelling 2004 data; |
Formaldehyde | 1990–2005 | No trend assumed | National indoor concentration data |
Lead | 1990–2005 | National trend estimates |
National blood lead level data |
Transport noise | 20071 | No trend assumed | EC Environmental Noise Directive data |
Ozone | 2005 | No trend assumed | ECT/ACC spatial model based on AirBase observations and air quality maps |
Particulate matter | 2005 | No trend assumed | |
Radon | up-to 2005 | No trend assumed | RadonMapping project (http://radonmapping.jrc.ec.europa.eu) and the UNSCEAR 2000 Report |
1 Target year of END data was set as 2007. The actual collected data contains subsets of data from various years.
Table 3
Environmental stressor | Population group | Exposure metric | Unit | Belgium | Finland | France | Germany | Italy | Netherlands |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzene | All | Average annual exposure concentration | µg m-3 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 0.9 |
Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs | All | Average annual daily intake | pg TEQ/kg/d | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 |
SHS | All | Percentage of non-smokers | % | 74.9 | 74.2 | 71.5 | 71.0 | 76.5 | 66.6 |
Non-smokers | Percentage of non-smokers exposed | % | 32 | 14 | 25 | 31 | 30 | 30 | |
Children | Percentage of non-smokers exposed | % | NA | 4 | 33 | 24 | 40 | 36 | |
Formaldehyde (threshold 100 µg m-3) | All | Percentage of people exposed above 100 µg m-3 | % | 0.20 | 2.30 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
All | Average indoor concentration above 100 µg m-3 | µg m-3 | 139 | 122 | 118 | 113 | 101 | 101 | |
Lead | All | Average blood concentration? | µg/l | 22 | 16 | 25 | 22 | 39 | 19 |
Adults | Percentage of adults exposed above 50 µg/l | % | 5.5 | 1.8 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 23.9 | 3.4 | |
Adults | Average blood concentration for adults above 50 µg/l | µg/l | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 76 | 65 | |
Children 0–4 | Percentage of children exposed above 24 µg/l | % | 32.5 | 17.0 | 39.9 | 32.5 | 67.1 | 24.7 | |
Children 0–4 | Average blood concentration for children above 24 µg/l | µg/l | 39 | 36 | 41 | 39 | 50 | 37 | |
Ozone | All | Annual sum of ozone maximum 8-h levels above 35 ppb (SOMO35) | µg m-3 | 2 787 | 2 580 | 4 756 | 4 164 | 8 134 | 1 920 |
PM2.5 | All | Average annual ambient concentration | µg m-3 | 18.7 | 9.1 | 12.3 | 16.0 | 19.6 | 18.7 |
PM10 | All | Average annual ambient concentration | µg m-3 | 28.9 | 13.3 | 19.1 | 22.1 | 32.7 | 29.1 |
Radon | All | Average annual indoor concentration | Bq m-3 | 69 | 120 | 89 | 50 | 70 | 30 |
- Noise data are not included in this overview table, as they cannot be easily summarized due to categorial exposures. For noise data, please see paragraph 3.7.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Otto Hänninen, Anne Knol: European Perspectives on Environmental Burden of Disease: Esimates for Nine Stressors in Six European Countries,
Authors and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Report 1/2011 [1] [2] Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "EBoDe" defined multiple times with different content